Background: Melanoma is a malignant tumor arising from melanocytes and represents the most aggressive form of skin cancer, characterized by rapid progression and a high risk of metastasis. Lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), a subtype of melanoma, typically develops on chronically sun-exposed skin of the face and neck in elderly individuals and accounts for approximately 10–15% of all cutaneous melanomas. Major risk factors for LMM include ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, advanced age, fair skin phenotype, genetic predisposition, and the presence of multiple melanocytic nevi or pigmented lesions. The diagnosis of LMM is established through clinical evaluation, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis. Surgical excision remains the gold standard of treatment. Case Presentation A 57-year-old female presented to the Department of Dermatologic Surgery and Aesthetic Reconstruction at the National Center for Dermatology with a progressively enlarging pigmented lesion on her right cheek. According to the patient’s history, the lesion had been present for more than 10 years and had gradually increased in size. The lesion was surgically excised, and the diagnosis of lentigo maligna melanoma was confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. This case aims to highlight the diagnostic approach and appropriate management of LMM, with particular emphasis on the effectiveness of surgical treatment.

Background: Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a rare autoimmune blistering disease characterized by linear deposition of immunoglobulin A along the subepidermal basement membrane zone. Although it can occur in both children and adults, the disease in pediatric patients often requires careful consideration due to challenges in differential diagnosis and variability in treatment response. Dapsone is considered the first-line treatment; however, in some cases it may be unavailable, contraindicated, or associated with adverse effects, necessitating alternative therapeutic options. Case Presentation In this case report, we present the clinical features, diagnostic findings, treatment course, and outcomes of a 9-year-old girl diagnosed with LABD. The combination of colchicine and systemic corticosteroids resulted in marked clinical improvement, suggesting that this regimen may be a potential alternative treatment for LABD.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2022, 19.9 million people were diagnosed with cancer globally, and 9.7 million people died from the disease. In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been rapidly increasing, ranking 4th among all cancers with 18.4 cases and 8.1 deaths per 100,000 population. In Mongolia, 826 new cases of CRC have been registered over the past six years, with an incidence rate of 8.2 cases and a mortality rate of 5.03 per 100,000 population. It is projected that by 2030, the incidence will reach 13.28 cases and the mortality rate will rise to 8.72 per 100,000 population. We aimed to comprehensively examine the risk factors for colorectal cancer among the population of Mongolia, establish a scientific basis for early detection and prevention, and strengthen preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted from 2022 to 2024. The study enrolled a total of 305 subjects, including 98 patients with colorectal cancer, 101 patients with colon polyps, and 106 healthy subjects. The risk. questionnaire consisted of 50 questions divided into 10 sections. All statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 23.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. categorical data was represented as numbers and percentages. Pearson’s chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the risk factor associated with recurrence. The study protocol was approved by Ethics Review Committee of Ministry of Health of Mongolia on 17 March 2023 (approval number: 23/012). Results: The average age of the participants was 57.1±12.8 years. Among all study participants, 37.6% (115) were male and 62.4% (188) were female. Comparison of colorectal cancer incidence by age and gender revealed no statistically significant differences (p=0.021; p=0.422). Regular physical exercise was found to have a protective effect against colorectal cancer (p=0.076; OR 0.341 95% Cl 0.118-.0986). The frequency of fruit consumption, 4 to 6 times per week (p=0.008, OR 0.08, 95% Cl 0.01-0.45), frequency of vegetable consumption 4 to 6 times per week (p<0.00; OR 0.07, 95% Cl 0.02-0.19), no dining out (0.007, OR 0.3, 95% Cl 0.18-0.68), and meat consumption (p=0.001) are decreased risk of colorectal cancer. Conclusion The patient's age and the presence of colon polyps are risk factors for colorectal cancer, while regular physical activity and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables are protective factors that help reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Background: Milk and dairy products are important sources of protein, vitamins (B2, B12), and minerals (calcium, zinc), playing a key role in maintaining normal body weight, bone structure, and overall health. However, in Mongolia, regular milk consumption among school-aged children is inadequate, and scientific evidence on its association with growth, micronutrient status, and bone health is limited. Objective : To determine the relationship between weekly milk consumption and children’s physical growth, bone softening, and serum levels of vitamin D and selected minerals. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2024 among 453 students aged 7–12 years from six general education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Participants were classified into three groups based on weekly milk consumption: (1) non-consumers, (2) consumers at school or home, and (3) consumers at both school and home. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and BMI z-scores were calculated using WHO growth reference standards. Blood samples were analyzed for vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, and bone mineral density was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26, applying independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and ANOVA, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Children consuming milk regularly at both school and home had higher mean height (139 ± 8 cm) compared to non-consumers (136 ± 17 cm), though differences were not statistically significant (p=0.33). BMI was more often in the normal range among dual-site consumers (56.4%) compared to non-consumers (43.4%) (p<0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was less prevalent among dual-site consumers (47%) than in other groups (p<0.05). Magnesium (0.86±0.07 mmol/L) and zinc (18.74±2.48 μmol/L) levels were significantly higher in this group (p<0.05). Bone softening prevalence was lower among dual-site consumers (47.8%) compared to non-consumers (58.3%) (p=0.026). No significant associations were found between milk consumption and red blood cell indices. Conclusion Regular milk consumption is associated with improved BMI status, higher serum magnesium and zinc levels, and lower prevalence of bone softening among school-aged children in Ulaanbaatar. These findings support the potential role of school milk programs in enhancing child nutrition and bone health in Mongolia.

Background: Healthcare works are high risk of infection through occupational exposure that contact with blood and other body fluids, including infected person, uses needles, syringes, equipment or exposures to sharp instruments. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, approximately 66,000 health workers are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and 200-5000 workers arc infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) each year due to carelessness. HBV infection is a global health problem that remains to preventive. Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. In our country, which has a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection, it has been concluded that the coverage of hepatitis B vaccination and the level of immunity of health workers are insufficient. Aim: To evaluate post vaccination immunity against HBV in the staff of National center for transfusion medicine Methods: 63 workers with negative surface antigen of hepatitis B (HBsAg) and absent anamnesis of infection were selected for this study. In 2019 and 2020 all 63 workers were evaluated post vaccination immunity against HBV. Analysis done by Sysmex HSCL800 that is an automated immune assay system. Results and discussion: This center was begun to conduct the vaccination of workers from 2011. Among total 63 individuals involved in this study 53 (84.1%) were vaccinated against hepatitis B and 10 (15.9%) were not vaccinated. From the vaccinated 53 workers, 47 (88,7%) have immunized (anti-H Bs > 1 Ou/ml) but 6 (11.3%) of them were not immunized (anti-HBs <1 Ou/ml).
Therefore 1(1,9%) worker of them received just first dose, 14 (26.4%) workers were injected second dose, whereas 38 (71.7%) workers were vaccinated with third dose. The study shows that 12 (85.7%) workers after second dose and 34 (89.5%) workers after third dose were immunized. Conclutions As a result of hepatitis B vaccination, 88.7% of workers of the NCTM have had immunized against HBV. The final evaluation shows that 36 (57%) of workers had stable, 17 (27%) increased, and 10(16%) decreased level of immunization than the previous year.

Introduction: In 2018, a total of 901 new cases of gastric cancer were recorded, of which 64.8% in males and 34.2% in females. The incidence rate of gastric cancer was 28.5 per 100 000 population, which 38.2 for males and 19.2 for females. Goal: We aimed to investigate the associations between some risk factors and gastric cancer among the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted between November 2017 and September 2019. We selected 120 cases from National cancer center of Mongolia who newly diagnosed gastric cancer. And 120 controls were selected by matching by sex, age and the place of residence. Informed consents were obtained from all subjects. All subjects were personally interviewed with researchers used by a structured questionnaire consisting of 86 questions. The SPSS 21 (version 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software was used for all analyses. Results: The mean age was 59.2±11.4 (26-85) years. Habits of having dinner after 6.00 pm (OR 1.42, 95%CI 1.11-1.83, p=0.008), having leftover meals (OR 2.22, 95%CI 1.27-3.86, p=0.008), daily consumption of tea with salt (OR 1.97, 95%CI 1.18-3.30, p=0.01), smoking on an empty stomach (OR 2.44, 95%CI 1.11-5.37, p=0.033), weekly consumption of ham and smoked meat (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.17- 2.13, p=0.02), and consumption of fat grease (OR 2.09, 95%CI .03-4.24, p=0.038) were significantly increased gastric cancer risk. In contrast, habit of eating at regular times (OR 0.43, 95%CI 0.25-0.73, p=0.002), chewing thoroughly (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.23-0.67, p=0.001), cooking meat thoroughly until it’s tender (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.25-0.97, p=0.047), daily consumption of vegetables (OR 0.45, 95%CI 0.27-0.76, p=0.003), and daily consumption of fruit juice (OR 0.36, 95%CI 0.15-0.85, p=0.026) were significantly reduced gastric cancer risk. Furthermore, having first-degree relatives diagnosed with gastric cancer had 2-3 fold higher increased risk of gastric cancer (parents OR 2.88, 95%CI 1.07- 7.78, p=0.038, sibling (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.09-8.81, p=0.036). Also, previous records of the digestive disease increased risk of gastric cancer (OR 3.65, 95%CI 2.10-6.35, p<0.0001). Conclusion Dietary habits, family history of gastric cancer and previous records of digestive disease were associated with risk of gastric cancer. Thus, prevention effort could be focused on the population with a family history of gastric cancer, changing bad dietary habit and screening precancerous disease of gastric cancer.

Research of function of vitamin D on immune system has been studying since the study revealed that vitamin D receptor is expressed on the surface of the immune cells. 1,2-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D], physiologically active form, can be generated through hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D], inactive form of vitamin D, in a liver, connecting with specific VDR make biological action. Vitamin D make different biological actions depends on connecting with different immunological cells. Some studies indicated that Vitamin D plays pivotal role in antibacterial innate immune responses through regulating reaction of the main cells as macrophages and dendritic cells. Moreover, calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is connected with VDRE, modulates the innate immune response through directly inducing expression of catelicithin and β-defensin as antimicrobial peptides, reducing secretion of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, RANKL, COX-2 as proinflammatory cytokines and increasing production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Vitamin D plays in proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells and regulates the activities of over 500 genes. Vitamin D differently impacts on per se stages of T cells’ proliferation. Vitamin D indirectly mitigates the differentiation from immature B cells to plasma B cells while it directly impacts on regulation of overloaded production of antibodies in plasma B cells. In conclusion, vitamin D modulates the innate- and adaptive immune response through regulation on activation of APCells, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells, secretion of some antibacterial peptides.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is still one of the most leading causes of mortality in the world. The highest mortality rate of gastric cancer is estimated in Mongolia. South Korea and Japan, where leading the incidence of gastric cancer, mortality rates are observed in 51th and 31nd rank respectively. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second leading site, after liver cancer. Goal: We aimed to determine the cause of late diagnosis of gastric cancer and to evaluate supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in the general hospital of provinces and districts. Materials and Methods: In this study, 84 patients suffering from gastric cancer (42 patients in III, IV TNM stage; 42 patients in I, II TNM stage)were investigated in National Cancer Center, Mongolia. A survey questionnaire which included age, gender, education, income, risk factors and clinical questions was detected from all patients. And we conducted study of supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in general hospitals of from 21 provinces and general hospitals of 6 districts by questionnaire. Results: Seventy three(86.9%) patients were over 50 years old and the highest rates of gastric cancer were in group of 61-70 years (40.5%). From the results, the reason to visiting hospital was significantly different between two groups. 55.1% of patients suffering from early-stage gastric cancer were voluntarily diagnosed by upper endoscopy. In contrary, 55.8% of patients suffering from late-stage gastric cancer have visited the hospital due to worsening symptoms or dysphagia and vomiting. Factors such as age, gender, education, employment status and income had no significant effect on late diagnosis of gastric cancer. In totally 24(89%)general hospitals out of 27 had upper endoscopy devices and 22 (81.5%) hospitals had endoscopist. Although 75% of total general hospitals conduct annual cancer screening, 64% of them do not perform the endoscopy in annual screening. Conclusion In our country, late diagnosis of gastric cancer is related to the attitudes of patients for preventing and screening disease. Therefore, it is important to improve the health education of the population and to develop healthy, right attitudes and practices. And the study revealed that general hospitals have insufficient for upper endoscopy devices and human resource.

Gastric and esophageal cancer is a significant global health issue. The epidemiology of these tumors has significantly increased over the past several years especially in developing and developed countries. Many dietary exposures have been proposed to protect against or increase risk for esophageal and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including poor diets, foods, individual nutrients, methods of food preparation, and habits of consumption. Overweight/obese status is associated with an increased risk for many cancer types such as esophageal, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic and gastric cancer. The association between obesity and cancer is strong. Nowadays there is a recognized decrease in incidence and mortality of distal gastric cancer and an increase in incidence and mortality of proximal esophageal cancer. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second most common cancer in males and the third most common in females. It is very important to understand how diet and nutrition affect to gastric and esophageal cancers. In this review we will discuss the effect of diet in locally advanced gastro-esophageal cancer. Although we tried to conclude all published articles about gastric and esophageal cancers in Mongolia.
In this survey, is considered dietary risks into 5 groups as following;
• Insufficient nutrition education(don’t know food and nutrients significance and food hygiene, don’t know right consumption of food)
• Bad habits (hot tea and meals, salty tea and food, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, sometimes eating breakfast, most of daily energy of food in the night, high amount of sugar, a drink of caffeine, overweight and etc.)
• Food processing technology (such as overcooking, pickling, preserving, frying, excessive salt in tea fried and etc).
• Chemical contaminants in food products (various inorganic fertilizers, heavy metals and etc.)
• Household economic capacity is influencing
Diet can be used as a tool to evoke the positive/desirable biological responses of an organism aiming to maximize health and protection against diseases (chronic/non-communicable diseasesparticularly cancer) by mostly means of prevention.

Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. About half of the incidence of stomach cancer has been reported in East Asian countries. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second most common cancer in males and the third most common in females. The age-standardized mortality rate for gastric cancer was 29.3 per 100,000 in 2016, ranking second after liver cancer. Pepsinogen (PG) is a proenzyme of pepsin, by chief and mucous neck cells in the gastric mucosa. On the basis of the source of secretion, PGs are subdivided into 2 types: PG I and II. PG I is only secreted from the fundic glands in the corpus of the stomach, whereas PG II is secreted from the corpus, as well as the pyloric glands in the antrum and proximal duodenum. PG is excreted mainly into the stomach lumen, but approximately 1% diffuses into the blood stream. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are well-known risk factors for gastric neoplasms including dysplasia. To identify these premalignant gastric conditions, histological biopsy or image-enhanced endoscopy is performed. Gastric cancer is usually preceded by a decades-long precancerous process driven by Helicobacter pylori infection and environmental conditions with well-defined successive lesions. In the advanced stages, they are characterized by glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. These changes involve loss of the original glands and result in decrease of the mass of chief cells of the gastric corpus, where PGI is produced. Loss of chief cells leads to lower PGI levels and PGI/PGII ratio in the peripheral blood. Serum PG levels are therefore a key tool to be used in screening programs. Serum PG measurements could provide a simple and noninvasive method for screening gastric neoplasms.