Objective To explore a standardized approach for indicating dosages in Chinese patent medicines(CPM)instructions.Methods A review of 1 378 classic formulas of traditional Chinese medicine in the 2020 edition of the Pharmaco-poeia of the People's Republic of China(Chinese Pharmacopoeia)was conducted,focusing on three aspects:overdose,different dosage forms,and inclusion of toxic herbs.Approximately 50 representative formulas were selected,and their daily dosage of herbal pieces and the corresponding dosage of individual herbs were calculated.These results were then compared and analyzed against the dosages stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Results ①Overdose:Among the 1 378 reviewed formulas,146(10.60％)were found to involve overdose.Specifically,eight formulas were identified as having an overdose of approximately 3 to 5 times the recommended dose,including Duanxueliu tablets and Zhixue Fumai mixture.②Dosage variations across dosage forms:Based on the conversion of the Ming-Qing dynasty dosage of one liang(Chinese traditional weight unit)to 36 g,the estimated dai-ly dose per component of crude herbs in Yinqiao powder was close to the upper limit specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The total daily dose of crude herbs(75.60 g)was approximately five times that of the Yinqiao powder(15 g)listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and three times that of the Japanese Kampo Yinqiao powder(23.868 g).Significant differences in dosage were ob-served among Yinqiao Jiedu preparations of different dosage forms.In terms of total daily dose of crude herbs,granules(52.50 g)had the highest dose,approximately 3-5 times that of tablets/capsules(11.20 g),soft capsules(13.44 g),and powders(15.00 g),but still 30％ lower than the original prescription from ancient texts(75.6 g).Comparing the daily dose per compo-nent,granules fell within the Chinese Pharmacopoeia dose range,while tablets,capsules,soft capsules,and powders were all below the Chinese Pharmacopoeia dose.③Inclusion of toxic herbs:Among the 20 oral formulations containing Strychnos nux-vomica(Maqianzi)listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,seven species exceeded the pharmacopoeial dose of 0.3-0.6 g per day.Notably,Shenjin Huoluo pill and Shufeng Dingtong pill exceeded the Chinese Pharmacopoeia dose by 1.5-2 times.The daily dose of strych-nosine in Shenjin Huoluo pill was 21.3 mg,exceeding the toxic dose range of 5-10 mg.Conclusions The dosage indications in CPM instructions must adhere to a unified format,clearly stating the daily dose per component of crude herbs,the total daily dose of crude herbs,and the total number of administrations under the"Dosage and Administration"section.For instance,"Yinqiao Jiedu granules,with a total daily dose equivalent to 60 g of crude herbs taken in four doses(including:Flos Lonicerae 10.71 g,Fructus Forsythiae 10.71 g,Radix Platycodi 6.43 g,Herba Menthae Haplocalycis 6.43 g,Fructus Arctii 6.43 g,Semen Sojae Preparatum 5.36 g,Radix Glycyrrhizae 5.36 g,Herba Lophatheri 4.29 g,Herba Schizonepetae 4.29 g)."For CPM containing tox-ic herbs,dosage indications are even more crucial,such as specifying the daily dose of Maqianzi powder/processed Maqianzi and strychnosine in formulations containing this herb.

Veterinary Immunology is a science that studies organization structure and biological function of animal immune system.It is a subject with strong theory and application,which is a very important basic course in undergraduate education of veteri-nary medicine.With rapid development of modern science and technology,people have a deeper understanding of immunology,and traditional teaching content and teaching mode can no longer meet teaching needs of modern veterinary undergraduates.This paper briefly analyzes problems existing in current teaching process of Veterinary Immunology,and puts forward relevant suggestions for teaching reform,aiming at improving teaching quality of undergraduate Veterinary Immunology and shouldering important mission of cultivating innovative veterinary talents for socialist modernization of our country.

Veterinary Immunology is a science that studies organization structure and biological function of animal immune system.It is a subject with strong theory and application,which is a very important basic course in undergraduate education of veteri-nary medicine.With rapid development of modern science and technology,people have a deeper understanding of immunology,and traditional teaching content and teaching mode can no longer meet teaching needs of modern veterinary undergraduates.This paper briefly analyzes problems existing in current teaching process of Veterinary Immunology,and puts forward relevant suggestions for teaching reform,aiming at improving teaching quality of undergraduate Veterinary Immunology and shouldering important mission of cultivating innovative veterinary talents for socialist modernization of our country.

Objective:To establish a highly sensitive indirect competitive ELISA(icELISA)method for detecting ribavirin in chicken.Methods:Based on the obtained monoclonal antibodies against ribavirin,a chessboard test was employed to determine the optimal working concentration of artificial antigen and antibody,and then established an icELISA method.Furthermore,performance of the detection method was evaluated.Results:The established icELISA method has a linear range of 0.44～32.71 ng/ml,IC50 of which was 3.78 ng/ml,and the limit of detection(LOD)was 0.20 ng/ml.Except for specific reaction with ribavirin,there were no cross reactions with other antiviral drugs.Recovery rate of sample spiking was between 91.60%and 100.76%,and coefficient of variation was between 7.29%and 10.63%.Conclusion:A highly sensitive and specific icELISA method for detection of ribavirin has been estab-lished,which can be used to determine the residue of ribavirin in chicken.

Objective:To establish a highly sensitive indirect competitive ELISA(icELISA)method for detecting ribavirin in chicken.Methods:Based on the obtained monoclonal antibodies against ribavirin,a chessboard test was employed to determine the optimal working concentration of artificial antigen and antibody,and then established an icELISA method.Furthermore,performance of the detection method was evaluated.Results:The established icELISA method has a linear range of 0.44～32.71 ng/ml,IC50 of which was 3.78 ng/ml,and the limit of detection(LOD)was 0.20 ng/ml.Except for specific reaction with ribavirin,there were no cross reactions with other antiviral drugs.Recovery rate of sample spiking was between 91.60%and 100.76%,and coefficient of variation was between 7.29%and 10.63%.Conclusion:A highly sensitive and specific icELISA method for detection of ribavirin has been estab-lished,which can be used to determine the residue of ribavirin in chicken.

Objective To explore a standardized approach for indicating dosages in Chinese patent medicines(CPM)instructions.Methods A review of 1 378 classic formulas of traditional Chinese medicine in the 2020 edition of the Pharmaco-poeia of the People's Republic of China(Chinese Pharmacopoeia)was conducted,focusing on three aspects:overdose,different dosage forms,and inclusion of toxic herbs.Approximately 50 representative formulas were selected,and their daily dosage of herbal pieces and the corresponding dosage of individual herbs were calculated.These results were then compared and analyzed against the dosages stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Results ①Overdose:Among the 1 378 reviewed formulas,146(10.60％)were found to involve overdose.Specifically,eight formulas were identified as having an overdose of approximately 3 to 5 times the recommended dose,including Duanxueliu tablets and Zhixue Fumai mixture.②Dosage variations across dosage forms:Based on the conversion of the Ming-Qing dynasty dosage of one liang(Chinese traditional weight unit)to 36 g,the estimated dai-ly dose per component of crude herbs in Yinqiao powder was close to the upper limit specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The total daily dose of crude herbs(75.60 g)was approximately five times that of the Yinqiao powder(15 g)listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and three times that of the Japanese Kampo Yinqiao powder(23.868 g).Significant differences in dosage were ob-served among Yinqiao Jiedu preparations of different dosage forms.In terms of total daily dose of crude herbs,granules(52.50 g)had the highest dose,approximately 3-5 times that of tablets/capsules(11.20 g),soft capsules(13.44 g),and powders(15.00 g),but still 30％ lower than the original prescription from ancient texts(75.6 g).Comparing the daily dose per compo-nent,granules fell within the Chinese Pharmacopoeia dose range,while tablets,capsules,soft capsules,and powders were all below the Chinese Pharmacopoeia dose.③Inclusion of toxic herbs:Among the 20 oral formulations containing Strychnos nux-vomica(Maqianzi)listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,seven species exceeded the pharmacopoeial dose of 0.3-0.6 g per day.Notably,Shenjin Huoluo pill and Shufeng Dingtong pill exceeded the Chinese Pharmacopoeia dose by 1.5-2 times.The daily dose of strych-nosine in Shenjin Huoluo pill was 21.3 mg,exceeding the toxic dose range of 5-10 mg.Conclusions The dosage indications in CPM instructions must adhere to a unified format,clearly stating the daily dose per component of crude herbs,the total daily dose of crude herbs,and the total number of administrations under the"Dosage and Administration"section.For instance,"Yinqiao Jiedu granules,with a total daily dose equivalent to 60 g of crude herbs taken in four doses(including:Flos Lonicerae 10.71 g,Fructus Forsythiae 10.71 g,Radix Platycodi 6.43 g,Herba Menthae Haplocalycis 6.43 g,Fructus Arctii 6.43 g,Semen Sojae Preparatum 5.36 g,Radix Glycyrrhizae 5.36 g,Herba Lophatheri 4.29 g,Herba Schizonepetae 4.29 g)."For CPM containing tox-ic herbs,dosage indications are even more crucial,such as specifying the daily dose of Maqianzi powder/processed Maqianzi and strychnosine in formulations containing this herb.

Objective To investigate corneal biomechanical differences in different geometric design parameters of orthokeratology lenses(OK lenses)and to further reveal the corneal shaping mechanism of OK lenses.Methods A coupled finite element model of the aspheric OK lens corneosclera was established for various geometric design parameters of the OK lens,corresponding to different degrees of myopia correction.The distribution trends of the profile and curvature of the corneal anterior surface,as well as the von Mises stress(VMS)and eye axis displacement on both the corneal anterior surface and superior corneal stroma surface were analyzed numerically.Results The stress concentration of the corneal anterior surface was observed in the mid-peripheral and peripheral zones,whereas that of the superior corneal stroma surface appeared in the mid-peripheral zones.The sagittal height of the base curve of the OK lens decreased with increasing degree of myopia correction.At myopia correction degrees of-2.0,-3.0,-4.0,-5.0,and-6.0 D,the maximum corneal VMS increased by 0.81%,1.86%,2.84%,3.81%,and 7.04%,respectively,compared with that at-1.0 D;the curvature of the corneal central zone was reduced by an average of 2.59,3.78,4.51,4.99,5.33,and 6.41 D compared with that without OK lenses.Conclusions The sagittal height of the base curve of the OK lens decreased with increasing degree of myopia correction,resulting in a flatter central curvature of the cornea.The base curve of the OK lens plays a crucial role in both correction and control of myopia.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the therapeutic effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and cytokines in aqueous humor in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR).Methods From July 2023 to December 2023,50 DR patients(56 eyes)who were treated with anti-VEGF drugs in the Department of Ophthal-mology,the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University were included in this study.The patients were divided into the diabetic macular edema(DME)group(30 patients,36 eyes)and the proliferative DR(PDR)group(20 patients,20 eyes).Patients in the DME group received an intravitreal injection of aflibercept once a month for three consecutive times,with aqueous humor extracted before each injection.Patients in the PDR group received an intravitreal injection of aflibercept one week before vitrectomy,with aqueous humor extracted before injection and during vitrectomy,respective-ly.The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A),placental growth factor(PLGF),interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-23,IL-17A,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the aqueous humor were detected using the Luminex as-say.Before injection therapy,all patients underwent best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and central macular thickness(CMT)examinations,and their correlations with cytokine concentrations in DR patients before injection therapy were ana-lyzed.Results Compared to before injection therapy,the concentrations of VEGF-A,PLGF,and IL-23 in the aqueous humor of patients in the DME group decreased significantly after treatment(all P＜0.05);additionally,the CMT de-creased,and the BCVA increased(both P＜0.05).After injection therapy,the concentrations of VEGF,PLGF,IL-1β,IL-23,IL-17A,and TNF-α in the aqueous humor of patients in the PDR group significantly decreased compared to before injec-tion therapy(all P＜0.05).Before injection therapy,the levels of VEGF-A,PLGF,and IL-23 in the aqueous humor of pa-tients in the DME group were higher than those in the PDR group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The correlation analysis results showed that before injection therapy,VEGF was negatively correlated with BCVA(r=-0.767,P=0.004)and was positively correlated with CMT(r=0.662,P=0.019)and IL-23(r=0.765,P=0.004)in the DME group.There was no correlation between the cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients in the PDR group be-fore injection therapy(all P＞0.05).Conclusion Changes in the concentration of VEGF-A,PLGF,and IL-23 are closely related to the occurrence and development of DR.Anti-VEGF treatment can improve BCVA and decrease CMT in DME pa-tients.The expression level of IL-23 in aqueous humor can serve as a predictive factor for the anti-VEGF efficacy in DR pa-tients,providing new targets for early diagnosis and treatment of DR.

Abstract: Objective To compare the differences in the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) among three groups of individuals: patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), patients with drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DSP-TB), and healthy controls. By analyzing the differences between these groups, the study seeks to provide a reference basis for clinical auxiliary diagnosis of new type tuberculosis. Methods The differences in mRNA expression profiles of chip from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) among three groups were analyzed. MDR-TB and DSP-TB patients were selected as study subjects, with healthy individuals serving as a control group, and the serum IL-8 concentration of each group was measured using an ELISA assay to compare differences between groups. Additionally, PBMCs from all groups were isolated and total RNA was extracted for analysis of IL-8 and STAT3 mRNA expression using quantitative real-time PCR(Q-PCR). Differences in STAT3 protein expression among the groups were also compared by Western blot assay. Results The serum IL-8 concentration in the MDR-TB and DSP-TB groups was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The relative expression level of IL-8 mRNA in PBMCs of the MDR-TB group and DSP-TB group was also significantly higher than that of the healthy control group, with a statistical significance (P<0.05). Both Q-PCR and Western Blot results revealed that the expression of STAT3 in the healthy, DSP-TB and MDR-TB groups sequentially increased, presenting statistically significant differences between the groups (P<0.05), consistent with the mRNA chip results. Conclusions The expression of IL-8 in active tuberculosis patients (ATB) is significantly increased, which can be used as a marker to distinguish ATB from healthy populations. The changes of STAT3 concentration not only serve as a reference for the diagnosis of ATB but can also distinguish between DSP-TB and MDR-TB populations. The combined detection of IL-8 and STAT3 holds promise as a clinical auxiliary diagnostic basis for different tuberculosis patients.

Objective To investigate biomechanical differences of two posterior occipitocervical internal fixation techniques for treating basilar invagination with atlantoaxial dislocation (BI-AAD). Methods Intra-articular cage + posterior occipital plate+C2 pedicle screw (Cage+C2PS+OP), and intra-articular cage+C1 lateral mass screw+C2PS (Cage+C1LMS+C2PS) models were established based on occipitocervical CT data of the BI-AAD and clinical operation scheme, and the stability of atlantoaxial joint and stress distribution characteristics of C2 endplate and implanted instruments under different motion states were analyzed. Results Compared with the Cage+C1LMS+C2PS model, the atlantoaxial range of motion ( ROM) under flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation in the Cage+C2PS+OP model were reduced by 5. 26% , 33. 33% , 43. 75% , -5. 56% , and stress peak of screw-rod fixation system were reduced by 47. 81% , 60. 90% , 48. 45% , 39. 14% , respectively. Under two internal fixation modes, stresses of C2 endplate and cage were mainly distributed on the compressive side during the motion, and both the screw-bone interface and the caudal side of screw subjected to large loading. Conclusions Two internal fixation methods could provide similar stability. However, the stress concentration of screw-rod system was more obvious and the possibility of screw loosening and fracture was greater under Cage+ C1LMS+C2PS fixation.