Objective To explore the biological mechanism of radiation resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and search for effective sensitization targets.Methods We retrieved 186 signaling pathways and related gene information from the MSigDB database.We also obtained RNA transcriptome data of ESCC patients using the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)databases.We collected clinical pathological characteristics and tissue samples of 97 ESCC patients in our hospital from 2013 to 2020.Gene set variation analysis(GSVA)was made to calculate KEGG signaling pathway score,radiotherapy resistance related signaling pathways were screened through random forest algorithm,key genes in the pathway were screened using DESeq2,and a radiotherapy efficacy prediction model was constructed based on support vector machine-recursive feature elimination(SVM-RFE).The results were validated through experiments such as Western blotting and clonogenic assay.Results Based on the KEGG signaling pathway and GSVA enrichment score,random forest analysis showed that in the TCGA and GSE45670 cohorts,the contribution of tryptophan metabolism pathway enrichment values to radiation resistance in ESCC was significantly better than that of the other pathways.DESeq2 analysis revealed that key molecules in the tryptophan metabolism pathway,namely,IDO1,ALDH1B1,AOC1,INMT,AFMID and ALDH7A1,were significantly differentially expressed in the resistant and sensitive groups of ESCC.Based on the SVM-RFE algorithm,the AUC was 0.77,which could accurately predict the radiotherapy efficacy of ESCC.Western blotting experiments showed that IDO1 was highly expressed in ESCC cells,and IDO1 inhibitor treatment significantly inhibited the survival ability and radiosensitivity of KYSE-410 cells.In the enrolled patients of our hospital,immunohistochemical studies showed that IDO1 was highly expressed in the radiotherapy resistant group of ESCC and was associated with poor radiotherapy prognosis in ESCC patients.In addition,further testing showed that the expression of IDO1 in patient samples from our hospital was positively correlated with its PD-L1 expression,but negatively correlated with the infiltration ratio of CD3/CD8 immune cells.Conclusion Tryptophan catabolism is associated with radiation resistance in ESCC,and the key enzyme IDO1 in tryptophan metabolism can be used as a therapeutic target for radiosensitization in ESCC.

Objective To explore the biological mechanism of radiation resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and search for effective sensitization targets.Methods We retrieved 186 signaling pathways and related gene information from the MSigDB database.We also obtained RNA transcriptome data of ESCC patients using the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)databases.We collected clinical pathological characteristics and tissue samples of 97 ESCC patients in our hospital from 2013 to 2020.Gene set variation analysis(GSVA)was made to calculate KEGG signaling pathway score,radiotherapy resistance related signaling pathways were screened through random forest algorithm,key genes in the pathway were screened using DESeq2,and a radiotherapy efficacy prediction model was constructed based on support vector machine-recursive feature elimination(SVM-RFE).The results were validated through experiments such as Western blotting and clonogenic assay.Results Based on the KEGG signaling pathway and GSVA enrichment score,random forest analysis showed that in the TCGA and GSE45670 cohorts,the contribution of tryptophan metabolism pathway enrichment values to radiation resistance in ESCC was significantly better than that of the other pathways.DESeq2 analysis revealed that key molecules in the tryptophan metabolism pathway,namely,IDO1,ALDH1B1,AOC1,INMT,AFMID and ALDH7A1,were significantly differentially expressed in the resistant and sensitive groups of ESCC.Based on the SVM-RFE algorithm,the AUC was 0.77,which could accurately predict the radiotherapy efficacy of ESCC.Western blotting experiments showed that IDO1 was highly expressed in ESCC cells,and IDO1 inhibitor treatment significantly inhibited the survival ability and radiosensitivity of KYSE-410 cells.In the enrolled patients of our hospital,immunohistochemical studies showed that IDO1 was highly expressed in the radiotherapy resistant group of ESCC and was associated with poor radiotherapy prognosis in ESCC patients.In addition,further testing showed that the expression of IDO1 in patient samples from our hospital was positively correlated with its PD-L1 expression,but negatively correlated with the infiltration ratio of CD3/CD8 immune cells.Conclusion Tryptophan catabolism is associated with radiation resistance in ESCC,and the key enzyme IDO1 in tryptophan metabolism can be used as a therapeutic target for radiosensitization in ESCC.

This paper reviewed the main mosquito-species resource of China recorded during 1828-2002 in different periods through Feng(1938),Meng(1955),Lu(1977),to Qu(2002).According to the new systematic series of Reinert(2001),the mosquito-record of China would be totally: 21 genera,52 subgenera,and 395 species/ subspecies up to 2006.The first report of mosquito studies in China including: new species described by foreigner or Chinese entomo-logists,check list,hand-book of "key to Chinese mosquitoes",and "Fauna of China" were cited.And with some discu-ssions on guarantee of the quality of resource materials,its utilization and resource-sharing.

Objective To isolate and identify genes related to malaria parasite infection in vector mosquito, and to explore the mechanisms. Methods Anopheles stephensi infected with Plasmodium yoelii was used as tester (T) group, while uninfected but normal blood fed as driver (D) one. Engorged female mosquitoes of two groups were collected separately at 24 hours after biting. An enriched subtractive cDNA pool was generated through the course of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and selective PCR amplification. The subtracted library was screened by hybridization using T and D cDNA mixture as probes, respectively. The positive clones, which produced stronger signal when probed with T than with D, were sequenced and their sequence homologues in GenBank database were searched with BLAST by internet. Results The analysis of subtraction efficiency showed that the differentially expressed genes in T comparing to in D were enriched significantly. In dot blot screening, 24 of 58 randomly selected clones (41.4%) were shown up regulation in malaria infected mosquitoes. The BLAST search of 23 genes revealed that 12 were homologous to functionally known genes, 4 were homologous to functionally unknown entries, and 7 were novel without any relatives. Nine of the 23 genes (39.1%) also hit homologous sequences in the An. gambiae EST database generated from an immune competent cell line treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conclusion An enriched cDNA pool of the mosquito genes which up regulated responsively at the early stage of malaria parasite infection was obtained. Expression screening against the pool indicated that various biochemical processes and mechanisms might be involved in the response of mosquito to parasite infection, especially those related with the innate immune system and energy metabolism.

This paper reports the rectification results of the tribe aedini mosquitoes formerly recorded in China, using the classification system proposed by Reinert during the recent years. Among all the 171 species of Chinese aedini mosquitoes examined, 160 species could be included in the new classification system. The other 11 species were listed in traditional taxonomic status for further study. The proposed new classification system of the Chinese aedini mosquitoes contained 29 genera, i.e. Aedes, Armigeres, Ayurakitia, Bothaella*, Bruceharrisonius*, Christophersiomyia*, Collessius*, Danielsia*, Downsiomyia*, Edwardsaedes*, Finlaya*, Fredwardsius*, Gilesius*, Heizmannia, Himalaius*, Hopkinsius*, Hulecoeteomyia*, Jihlienius*, Kenknightia*, Luius*, Mucidus*, Neomelaniconion*, Ochlerotatus, Phagomyia*, Scutomyia*, Stegomyia*, Tanakaius*, Udaya, and Verrallina. Among them, 22 genera (*) were new records in China. Besides, the authors made a significant revision to the following 4 species recorded formerly in 《Fauna Sinica, Insecta Vol. 8, Diptera: Culicidae》: Ae. (Edw.) antuensis as the synonym of Ed. pingpaensis, while Ae. (Sin.) occidentayunnanus, Ae. (Och.) flavidorsalis, and Ae. (Fin.) subsimilis should be rectified as Hz. (Mat.) occidentayunnana, Oc. albineus, and Ud. subsimilis, respectively.

AIM:To ascertain the species status of the Anopheles dirus from Hainan Province,Chi- na.METHODS:The nucleotide sequence of the second internal transcribed spacer(ITS2 ) of PCR- amplified r DNA was determined for the An.dirusspecimens which included 2 individu- als of the species A colony (AFRIMS) from Thailand and 5 individuals from Hainan Province.RESUL TS:A841 bp fragment was amplified from single mosquito.The fragment included the ITS2 and small portions of flanking 5 .8S (96 bp) and 2 8S (2 9bp) genes.The ITS2 was71 6 bp in length,the sequence was identical for all7individuals from both Hainan Province and Thailand.No evidence of intraspecies or intrapopulation variation was detected in the ITS2 and flanking regions.CONCL USION:The result suggests the existence of An. dirus A in Hainan Province,which was in agreement with previous studies from cytogenetic analysis and egg characteristics determined by scanning electron microscopy.

Objective] To clarify the taxonomic status of Anopheles lesteri and An.anthropophagus in China. [Methods] Using molecular identification (PCR assay and rDNA\|ITS2 sequencing) to examine the field anopheline mosquito specimens from Liaoning and Shandong. According to the ITS2 sequences, molecular phylogenetic tree was made. [Results] According to the molecular identification, An.lesteri and An.anthropophagus were distributed both in Liaoning Province and Shandong Province. The length and GC content of rDNA\|ITS2 sequence were 451 bp, 46 2% in An.lesteri (n=6), and 448 bp, 46 0% in An.anthropophagus (n=10), respectively. The ITS2 sequences from presentation sites were same in An.lesteri, while the intraspecies difference in An.anthropophagus was 0 88%. The specific difference between An.lesteri and An.anthropophagus was 25 7%. By analyzing molecular phylogenetic tree, the relationship between An.lesteri and An.sinensis, An.anthropophagus and An.liangshanensis was found to be closer. [Conclusion] According to the molecular identification, it was defined that An.lesteri and An.anthropophagus were sympatric independent species in China.

Objective To establish the molecular identification of five members in Anopheles maculatus complex from China. Methods Different rDNA-ITS2 regions of An. maculatus complex were sequenced and analyzed. The species specific primers were designed, and PCR assay was used for the identification. Results The length and GC contents of ITS2 were 328 bp, 58.54% in An. pseudowillmori, 330 bp, 57.85% in An. maculatus, 337 bp, 59.05% in An. willmori, 334 bp, 58.68% in An. dravidicus, and 338 bp, 57.69% in An. sawadwongporni, respectively. The intra-species ITS2 sequences were conservative. The ranges of divergence level among five members were from 9.7% to 18.9% . Five distinct specific fragments were amplified by PCR assay using five species specific primers and 5. 8S primer. The length was 119, 186, 231, 327 and 406 bp respectively. Conclusion The diagnostic PCR assay based on ITS2 divergence to distinguish five members of An. maculatus complex was simple and reliable.

The present review deals with the representative research papers on human parasites and parasitic diseases in China over the past hundred years (1871-2006). As the views focused on the development of the medical parasitology,the historical background and progressive characters in the period of fermentation,origination,and expansion have been discussed. The check list of the first cases of human parasitic diseases reported in China during 1871-2006 contained 128 species of parasitic pathogens,and among them 38 species were the newly revisional records. The citation from Faust's paper(1923) proved that previous record of "the first case of Eurytrema pancreaticum from Hongkong" was an absurdly mistake. The human infections of Diphyllobothrium latum,Toxocara canis,and Triodontophorus minor discovered by Lin(1924) from Beijing were the first records in the country. A doubtful malaria case reported from Chongqing by Hung(1944) should be revised as the first case of babesiosis in China. The above-presented examples suggest that the truthful record of parasitic pathogens is an important base for the discovery history of parasitic diseases. With comments on the research progress of human parasitic diseases in different historical stages,it seems that the trends of medical parasitology development in China have been synchronous with the research activities in the area.

This paper deals with the taxonomic status and specific names of Anopheles anthropophagus and An. lesteri, the important malaria transmitting vector in China. Based on a historical review of the literature recorded from the country, substantial evidence from morphological and molecular biological studies gives reason to convince that An. anthropophagus is a synonym of An. lesteri. A resurrection of the specific name of An. lesteri Baisas et Hu, 1936 brooks no delay.