ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms by which Huanglian Jiedutang （HLJDT） modulates microglial （MG） phenotypes through the sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 2 （SIGLEC2/CD22）/Src-homology-2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 （SHP-1）/phosphorylated protein kinase B （p-Akt） signaling pathway， thereby promoting myelin repair and alleviating agitation-like behaviors in vascular dementia （VAD）. MethodsSixty C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a sham （normal） group， model group， HLJDT low-， medium-， and high-dose groups （2.5， 5， and 10 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and a risperidone group （2 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）， with 10 mice per group. VAD was induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis （BCAS）. From day 42， mice received drug interventions for 2 weeks. Agitation-like behaviors were assessed using the resident-intruder test. After behavioral testing， ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus （VMHvl） tissues were collected. Western blot was used to measure protein levels of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein （MOG）， myelin basic protein （MBP）， proteolipid protein （PLP）， inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， arginase-1 （Arg1）， CD86， CD206， and CD22， SHP-1， and p-Akt. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate myelin-associated glycoprotein （MAG） intensity and the proportion of iNOS⁺/ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 （Iba1）⁺ cells. ELISA was used to detect tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin （IL）-6， and IL-1β. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group exhibited markedly increased biting and aggressive behaviors and shortened attack latency （P<0.01）. MOG， MBP， and PLP protein levels and MAG fluorescence intensity were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. INOS and CD86 expression and TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β levels were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. CD22 and SHP-1 expression increased significantly （P<0.01）， whereas p-Akt expression decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the medium- and high-dose HLJDT groups and the risperidone group showed markedly reduced biting and aggression （P<0.05， P<0.01） and prolonged attack latency （P<0.01）. MOG， MBP， and PLP levels and MAG fluorescence intensity were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. INOS， CD86， TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β levels decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. CD22 and SHP-1 expression decreased， while p-Akt expression increased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionHLJDT may modulate CD22/SHP-1/p-Akt signaling in the VMHvl， promote the shift of MG toward an anti-inflammatory and phagocytic phenotype， enhance myelin repair， and improve agitation-like behaviors in VAD mice.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which the Zishen Huoxue prescription （ZSHXP） ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in rats with vascular dementia （VD） induced by the bilateral common carotid artery ligation （2-VO model rats） through regulating the glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）/protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （PERK）/activating transcription factor 4 （ATF4） signaling pathway. MethodsA VD rat model was established via the 2-VO method. A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into six groups： Sham group， Model group， donepezil hydrochloride group （0.45 mg·kg^-1）， and ZSHXP groups at low （8.90 g·kg^-1）， medium （17.80 g·kg^-1）， and high （35.60 g·kg^-1） doses，with 12 rats in each group. The Morris Water Maze test was utilized to assess spatial learning and memory abilities of rats， and the Novel Object Recognition test was used to evaluate cognitive performance. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and Nissl staining were applied to observe the histological and morphological changes in hippocampal tissues. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was used to observe the morphological changes of endoplasmic reticulum in rat hippocampal neurons. Immunofluorescence staining was adopted to detect the colocalization of neuronal nuclei antigen （NeuN） with GRP78 and βⅢ Tubulin with gasdermin D （GSDMD） in hippocampal neurons. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS）-related proteins including GRP78， PERK， ATF4， phosphorylated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （p-PERK）， C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP）， NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， Caspase-1 and GSDMD. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the model group showed a significantly prolonged escape latency （P<0.01）， a significant decrease in the number of platform crossings and the residence time in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， and a markedly reduced recognition index （P<0.01）. Histological observations revealed that the hippocampal neurons in the model group were disorderly arranged with reduced quantity， deformed and shrunken cell bodies， and pyknotic and hyperchromatic nuclei. The number of Nissl bodies decreased significantly. The number of endoplasmic reticula reduced obviously， accompanied by abnormal dilation and swelling， and the loss of normal folding structure. The fluorescence colocalization of NeuN with GRP78 and βⅢ Tubulin with GSDMD in the hippocampus was significantly increased in the model group. The protein expression levels of GRP78， p-PERK/PERK， ATF4， CHOP， NLRP3， GSDMD and Caspase-1 in the model group were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the donepezil hydrochloride group and the ZSHXP medium- and high-dose groups had a significantly shortened escape latency （P<0.01） and an increased number of platform crossings （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The residence time in the target quadrant was increased in the donepezil hydrochloride group and all ZSHXP groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with a significantly improved recognition index （P<0.01）. In the donepezil hydrochloride group and all ZSHXP groups， the number of hippocampal neurons increased with a more compact arrangement and reduced nuclear hyperchromasia. The number of Nissl bodies increased with morphological structures tending to be normal. In the ZSHXP high-dose group， the number of endoplasmic reticula increased and the folding structure was restored. The fluorescence colocalization of NeuN with GRP78 and βⅢ Tubulin with GSDMD in the hippocampus was significantly weakened in the treatment groups. In the donepezil hydrochloride group， the protein expressions of GRP78， ATF4 and CHOP were increased （P<0.01）， while the expression of p-PERK/PERK was decreased （P<0.05）. In the ZSHXP low-dose group， the expressions of GRP78， p-PERK/PERK and CHOP were elevated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The ZSHXP medium- and high-dose groups showed a significant decrease in the protein expressions of p-PERK/PERK， ATF4 and CHOP （P<0.01）， and the high-dose group had a markedly reduced GRP78 protein expression （P<0.01）. In the donepezil hydrochloride group， the Caspase-1 protein expression was increased （P<0.01） and the NLRP3 protein expression was decreased （P<0.01）. In the ZSHXP low-dose group， the GSDMD expression was elevated （P<0.01） while the NLRP3 protein expression was reduced （P<0.01）. After treatment with medium and high doses of ZSHXP， the protein expression levels of NLRP3， GSDMD and Caspase-1 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe ameliorative effect of ZSHXP on cognitive function in 2-VO model rats may be associated with its regulation of the GRP78/PERK/ATF4 signaling pathway， which ameliorates ERS and inhibits neuronal pyroptosis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which the Zishen Huoxue prescription （ZSHXP） ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in rats with vascular dementia （VD） induced by the bilateral common carotid artery ligation （2-VO model rats） through regulating the glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）/protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （PERK）/activating transcription factor 4 （ATF4） signaling pathway. MethodsA VD rat model was established via the 2-VO method. A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into six groups： Sham group， Model group， donepezil hydrochloride group （0.45 mg·kg^-1）， and ZSHXP groups at low （8.90 g·kg^-1）， medium （17.80 g·kg^-1）， and high （35.60 g·kg^-1） doses，with 12 rats in each group. The Morris Water Maze test was utilized to assess spatial learning and memory abilities of rats， and the Novel Object Recognition test was used to evaluate cognitive performance. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and Nissl staining were applied to observe the histological and morphological changes in hippocampal tissues. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was used to observe the morphological changes of endoplasmic reticulum in rat hippocampal neurons. Immunofluorescence staining was adopted to detect the colocalization of neuronal nuclei antigen （NeuN） with GRP78 and βⅢ Tubulin with gasdermin D （GSDMD） in hippocampal neurons. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS）-related proteins including GRP78， PERK， ATF4， phosphorylated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （p-PERK）， C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP）， NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， Caspase-1 and GSDMD. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the model group showed a significantly prolonged escape latency （P<0.01）， a significant decrease in the number of platform crossings and the residence time in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， and a markedly reduced recognition index （P<0.01）. Histological observations revealed that the hippocampal neurons in the model group were disorderly arranged with reduced quantity， deformed and shrunken cell bodies， and pyknotic and hyperchromatic nuclei. The number of Nissl bodies decreased significantly. The number of endoplasmic reticula reduced obviously， accompanied by abnormal dilation and swelling， and the loss of normal folding structure. The fluorescence colocalization of NeuN with GRP78 and βⅢ Tubulin with GSDMD in the hippocampus was significantly increased in the model group. The protein expression levels of GRP78， p-PERK/PERK， ATF4， CHOP， NLRP3， GSDMD and Caspase-1 in the model group were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the donepezil hydrochloride group and the ZSHXP medium- and high-dose groups had a significantly shortened escape latency （P<0.01） and an increased number of platform crossings （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The residence time in the target quadrant was increased in the donepezil hydrochloride group and all ZSHXP groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with a significantly improved recognition index （P<0.01）. In the donepezil hydrochloride group and all ZSHXP groups， the number of hippocampal neurons increased with a more compact arrangement and reduced nuclear hyperchromasia. The number of Nissl bodies increased with morphological structures tending to be normal. In the ZSHXP high-dose group， the number of endoplasmic reticula increased and the folding structure was restored. The fluorescence colocalization of NeuN with GRP78 and βⅢ Tubulin with GSDMD in the hippocampus was significantly weakened in the treatment groups. In the donepezil hydrochloride group， the protein expressions of GRP78， ATF4 and CHOP were increased （P<0.01）， while the expression of p-PERK/PERK was decreased （P<0.05）. In the ZSHXP low-dose group， the expressions of GRP78， p-PERK/PERK and CHOP were elevated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The ZSHXP medium- and high-dose groups showed a significant decrease in the protein expressions of p-PERK/PERK， ATF4 and CHOP （P<0.01）， and the high-dose group had a markedly reduced GRP78 protein expression （P<0.01）. In the donepezil hydrochloride group， the Caspase-1 protein expression was increased （P<0.01） and the NLRP3 protein expression was decreased （P<0.01）. In the ZSHXP low-dose group， the GSDMD expression was elevated （P<0.01） while the NLRP3 protein expression was reduced （P<0.01）. After treatment with medium and high doses of ZSHXP， the protein expression levels of NLRP3， GSDMD and Caspase-1 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe ameliorative effect of ZSHXP on cognitive function in 2-VO model rats may be associated with its regulation of the GRP78/PERK/ATF4 signaling pathway， which ameliorates ERS and inhibits neuronal pyroptosis.

ObjectiveTo prepare a recombinant PETase with a dual-catalytic-triad and to evaluate its efficiency in the biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate （PET）. MethodsBased on the crystal structure of wild-type PETase， point mutations （T88H/L117D） were introduced via site-directed mutagenesis. The recombinant protein was prepared using prokaryotic expression and chromatography purification techniques. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the mutant PETase was assessed by relatively quantifying the products mono （2-hydroxyethyl） terephthalate （MHET） and terephthalic acid （TPA）. ResultsBoth wild-type and mutant PETases accumulated as inclusion bodies， accounting for approximately 20% of the total bacterial protein. After solubilization in urea， the proteins were eluted at 300 mmol/L imidazole during affinity chromatography purification， with concentrations of 1.824 and 1.833 mg/mL and purities of 83.11% and 84.32%， respectively. Subsequent anion-exchange chromatography yielded highly pure enzymes in the 200 mmol/L NaCl fraction： 2.776 mg/mL （96.86% purity） for the wild type and 1.967 mg/mL （95.13% purity） for the mutant. Following refolding， the final concentrations were 0.484 mg/mL for the wild type and 0.991 mg/mL for the mutant. Hydrolysis assays revealed that the mutant released MHET and TPA at （237.67±17.00）% and （197.33±12.01）% of the wild-type levels， respectively. ConclusionThe T88H/L117D dual-catalytic-triad PETase is successfully prepared and it significantly enhanced PET-degrading activity， thus， it′s a promising biocatalyst for PET bioremediation.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease （PH-LHD） and its effect on prognosis， and to provide evidence for its clinical application. METHODS A total of 135 hospitalized patients with PH-LHD admitted to Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital from January 1， 2023 to June 30， 2025 were retrospectively included. According to the treatment regimen， the patients were divided into a control group （74 cases， receiving conventional treatment） and a dapagliflozin group （61 cases， receiving dapagliflozin in addition to conventional treatment）. Blood pressure [systolic blood pressure， diastolic blood pressure， and pulmonary artery systolic pressure （PASP）]， echocardiographic cardiac function parameters [cardiac output， cardiac index， left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）， right ventricular ejection fraction （RVEF）， left atrial diameter， and left ventricular wall thickness]， inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 （IL-6） and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）]， brain natriuretic peptide （BNP）， and 6-minute walking distance （6MWD） were compared between the two groups before treatment and after 12 weeks of treatment. All-cause mortality and the frequency of rehospitalization due to worsening heart failure during follow-up were also compared. RESULTS After 12 weeks of treatment， systolic blood pressure， diastolic blood pressure， PASP， left atrial diameter， IL-6， hs-CRP， and BNP levels were significantly decreased or shortened in both groups， while cardiac index and 6MWD were significantly increased or prolonged compared with those before treatment （ P ＜0.05）. Cardiac output in the dapagliflozin group was significantly increased compared with that before treatment （ P ＜0.05）. Systolic blood pressure， PASP， left atrial diameter， IL-6， hs-CRP， and BNP levels in the dapagliflozin group were significantly lower or shorter than those in the control group， while cardiac output， cardiac index， and 6MWD were significantly higher or longer than those in the control group （ P ＜0.05）. There were no statistically significant differences in LVEF， RVEF， or left ventricular wall thickness between the two groups （ P ＞0.05）. The median follow-up times in the control group and dapagliflozin group were 17.9 months and 17.3 months， respectively. During follow-up， all-cause mortality in the dapagliflozin group was lower than that i n the control group， but the difference was not statistically significant （ P ＞0.05）； the frequency of rehospitalization due to worsening heart failure was significantly lower than that in the control group （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of conventional treatment， the addition of dapagliflozin can further reduce pulmonary artery pressure， inflammatory factor levels， and BNP levels in patients with PH-LHD， improve some cardiac function-related parameters and exercise tolerance， and reduce the frequency of rehospitalization due to worsening heart failure.

Objective To investigate the safety, economic benefits and psychological effects of day breast conserving surgery for breast cancer. Methods The demographic data and clinical data of breast cancer patients undergoing day (day surgery group) and ward (ward surgery group) breast conserving surgeries in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from March 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively collected; the demographic data, clinical data, medical and related transportation costs, and preoperative and postoperative BREAST-Q scores of breast cancer patients undergoing day (day surgery group) and ward (ward surgery group) breast conserving surgery in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from June 2021 to June 2022 were prospectively collected. The safety, economic benefit, and psychological satisfaction of day surgery was analyzed. Results A total of 42 women with breast cancer were included in the retrospective study and 39 women with breast cancer were included in the prospective study. In both prospective and retrospective studies, the mean age of patients in both groups were <50 years. There were only statistical differences between the two groups in the aspects of hypertension (P=0.022), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P=0.037) and postoperative pathological estrogen receptor (P=0.033) in the prospective study. In postoperative complications, there were no statistical differences in the surgical-related complications or anesthesia-related complications between the two groups in either the prospective study or the retrospective study (P>0.05). In terms of the overall cost, we found that the day surgery group was more economical than the ward surgery group in the prospective study (P=0.002). There were no statistical differences in postoperative psychosocical well-being, sexual well-being, satisfaction with breasts or chest condition between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion It is safe and reliable to carry out breast conserving surgery in day surgery center under strict management standards, which can save medical costs and will not cause great psychological burden to patients.

BackgroundPrenatal depression has an important impact on maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. Previous studies have shown that maternal prenatal depression is associated with social support， and social support is related to fear of childbirth. However， there is limited research on the relationship among maternal prenatal depression， social support and fear of childbirth， and no studies have specifically explored the influence of social support and fear of childbirth on prenatal depression in primiparous women. ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of prenatal depression among primiparous women， and to analyze the correlation between social support and fear of childbirth， and to further explore the influence of social support and fear of childbirth on prenatal depression in this population， so as to provide references for improving their mental health. MethodsA total of 380 primiparous women admitted to the inpatient department of Chengdu Wenjiang District People's Hospital from December 2022 to September 2023 were enrolled as study subjects. A self-made questionnaire， Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale （EPDS）， Social Support Rating Scale （SSRS） and Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire （CAQ） were used to conduct the survey. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between scale scores. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify influencing factors of prenatal depression. ResultsA total of 380 questionnaires were distributed， with 372 （97.89%） valid responses collected. Among the participants， 222 cases （59.68%） were identified with prenatal depression. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that EPDS score was negatively correlated with SSRS score （r=-0.283， P<0.01） and positively correlated with CAQ score （r=0.341， P<0.01）. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that social support （β=-0.166， P<0.01） and fear of childbirth （β=0.269， P<0.01） were influencing factors of prenatal depression in primiparous women. ConclusionThe prevalence of prenatal depression among primiparous women is concerning， with depression levels showing significant associations with both social support and fear of childbirth.

Dormant tumor cells constitute a population of cancer cells that reside in a non-proliferative or low-proliferative state, typically arrested in the G0/G1 phase and exhibiting minimal mitotic activity. These cells are commonly observed across multiple cancer types, including breast, lung, and ovarian cancers, and represent a central cellular component of minimal residual disease (MRD) following surgical resection of the primary tumor. Dormant cells are closely associated with long-term clinical latency and late-stage relapse. Due to their quiescent nature, dormant cells are intrinsically resistant to conventional therapies—such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy—that preferentially target rapidly dividing cells. In addition, they display enhanced anti-apoptotic capacity and immune evasion, rendering them particularly difficult to eradicate. More critically, in response to microenvironmental changes or activation of specific signaling pathways, dormant cells can re-enter the cell cycle and initiate metastatic outgrowth or tumor recurrence. This ability to escape dormancy underscores their clinical threat and positions their effective detection and elimination as a major challenge in contemporary cancer treatment. Hypoxia, a hallmark of the solid tumor microenvironment, has been widely recognized as a potent inducer of tumor cell dormancy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells sense and respond to hypoxic stress—initiating the transition into dormancy—remain poorly defined. In particular, the lack of a systems-level understanding of the dynamic and multifactorial regulatory landscape has impeded the identification of actionable targets and constrained the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Accumulating evidence indicates that hypoxia-induced dormancy tumor cells are accompanied by a suite of adaptive phenotypes, including cell cycle arrest, global suppression of protein synthesis, metabolic reprogramming, autophagy activation, resistance to apoptosis, immune evasion, and therapy tolerance. These changes are orchestrated by multiple converging signaling pathways—such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, and AMPK—that together constitute a highly dynamic and interconnected regulatory network. While individual pathways have been studied in depth, most investigations remain reductionist and fail to capture the temporal progression and network-level coordination underlying dormancy transitions. Systems biology offers a powerful framework to address this complexity. By integrating high-throughput multi-omics data—such as transcriptomics and proteomics—researchers can reconstruct global regulatory networks encompassing the key signaling axes involved in dormancy regulation. These networks facilitate the identification of core regulatory modules and elucidate functional interactions among key effectors. When combined with dynamic modeling approaches—such as ordinary differential equations—these frameworks enable the simulation of temporal behaviors of critical signaling nodes, including phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK), phosphorylated S6 (p-S6), and the p38/ERK activity ratio, providing insights into how their dynamic changes govern transitions between proliferation and dormancy. Beyond mapping trajectories from proliferation to dormancy and from shallow to deep dormancy, such dynamic regulatory models support topological analyses to identify central hubs and molecular switches. Key factors—such as NR2F1, mTORC1, ULK1, HIF-1α, and DYRK1A—have emerged as pivotal nodes within these networks and represent promising therapeutic targets. Constructing an integrative, systems-level regulatory framework—anchored in multi-pathway coordination, omics-layer integration, and dynamic modeling—is thus essential for decoding the architecture and progression of tumor dormancy. Such a framework not only advances mechanistic understanding but also lays the foundation for precision therapies targeting dormant tumor cells during the MRD phase, addressing a critical unmet need in cancer management.

Objective To analyze the trend of global cellulitis disease burden from 1990 to 2019, and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of cellulitis disease. Methods The Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD2021) data were collected, and data on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) of cellulitis were analyzed for each country worldwide. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and age-standardized rate (ASR) were used to estimate the trend change of cellulitis from 1990 to 2021. Results The global burden of cellulitis increased significantly in 2021, with 55.96 million cases, 28.9 million deaths and 876.1 million DALYs, respectively. Incidence and mortality rates were generally higher in males than in females. The incidence and DALYs were higher in high SDI regions, with the highest burden observed in South Asia. In contrast, East Asia exhibited the lowest burden and demonstrated a declining trend. There were significant differences between countries, with India having the highest prevalence, the United States having the highest incidence, and Bahrain having the fastest growing rate.In 2021, China had the lowest age-standardised incidence of cellulitis in the world and the fastest declining age-standardised incidence and age-standardised DALYs. Conclusion The global disease burden of cellulitis is increasing from 1990-2021, and cellulitis remains an an important global public health problem. Targeted preventive meausres should be taken in areas with different economical levels. Men, middle-aged and elderly people, and newborns are the key groups in need of attention and health education.

Objective: To compare the biological characteristics of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived platelet exosomes (hiPSC-Plt-Exos) with those of conventional apheresis platelet exosomes (Plt-Exos), specifically focusing on their differential abilities to enhance the proliferation and migration of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). Methods: Exosomes were isolated from hiPSC-derived Plt and apheresis Plt concentrate using size exclusion chromatography. These exosomes were then characterized through nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blotting. Co-culture experiments into hUC-MSCs were conducted with hiPSC-Plt-Exos and apheresis Plt-Exos, respectively. Their effects on the proliferation and migration of hUC-MSCs were assessed via cell proliferation assays and scratch tests. Results: hiPSC-Plt-Exos and apheresis Plt-Exos exhibited comparable particle sizes, morphological features (such as the characteristic cup-shaped structure), and surface markers (including CD9 and HSP70). Notably, hiPSC-Plt-Exos demonstrated a significantly greater ability to enhance the proliferation and migration of hUC-MSCs compared to apheresis Plt-Exos (P<0.05). These differences provide critical comparative data for their application in various clinical contexts. Conclusion: This study establishes a theoretical foundation for developing precise therapeutic strategies based on hiPSC-Plt-Exos. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of selecting the appropriate type of exosomes according to the specific disease microenvironment to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.