Objective To systematically compare five physical disability-related standards widely used in the fields of insurance,work related injury,forensic appraisal,and disability evaluation.The comparison covers definition,coding,classi-fication,grading,and assessment methods to reveal each standard's framework and methodology,and to provide evidence for integrating and optimizing physical disability standards.Methods Based on International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)and International Classifica-tion of Diseases,11th Revision(ICD-11),we analyzed and compared five physical disability-related standards,including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(Insurance Standard),Grading of Disability due to Human Body Injury(Judicial Standard),Standard for Identify Work Ability—Gradation of Disability Caused by Work-related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(Work Injury Standard),Standard for Assessment of Disability Grades of Military Personnel(Military Standard),and Classification and Grading Criteria of Disability(Disabili-ty Classification Standard).We examined definition,coding systems,classification,grading scales and assess-ment.Results According to the ICF framework,at the level of body functions and structures,physical disability mainly in-volved neuromusculoskeletal and movement related functions(b7),including joint and bone functions(b710-b729),muscle functions(b730-b749),and movement functions(b750-b789).At the activities and participation level,it primarily concerned mobility(d410-d499)and self care(d510-d599).Related conditions were commonly found in Certain infectious or parasitic diseases(01),Diseases of the nervous system(08),Diseases of the muscu-loskeletal system or connective tissue(15),Developmental anomalies(20),and Injury,poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes(22),etc.Among the five standards,only Disability Classification Standard ex-plicitly defined physical disability,yet its terminology did not followed ICF categories.Regarding coding,only the Insurance Standard adopted ICF codes;and the other four used self devised coding systems.The sub catego-ries in these physical disability standards did not fully cover all ICF categories relevant to physical disability.In terms of grading,Disability Classification Standard used a four level grading,whereas the other four standards employed ten level grading.Concerning assessment,all five emphasized evaluation of body structures and func-tions and involved daily activity capacity;however,WHO Disability Assessment Schedule(WHODAS 2.0)for comprehensive functional assessment,had not been proposed for evaluation of general functioning.Conclusion China has developed different physical disability standards to meet diverse needs.There are differences in definition,structure and content.It is necessary to revise and refine the relevant components of physical disabili-ty,including definition,classification,grading,coding and assessment,based on ICF and ICD-11,and to intro-duce WHODAS 2.0 as a comprehensive functional assessment tool.

Objective To systematically compare five physical disability-related standards widely used in the fields of insurance,work related injury,forensic appraisal,and disability evaluation.The comparison covers definition,coding,classi-fication,grading,and assessment methods to reveal each standard's framework and methodology,and to provide evidence for integrating and optimizing physical disability standards.Methods Based on International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)and International Classifica-tion of Diseases,11th Revision(ICD-11),we analyzed and compared five physical disability-related standards,including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(Insurance Standard),Grading of Disability due to Human Body Injury(Judicial Standard),Standard for Identify Work Ability—Gradation of Disability Caused by Work-related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(Work Injury Standard),Standard for Assessment of Disability Grades of Military Personnel(Military Standard),and Classification and Grading Criteria of Disability(Disabili-ty Classification Standard).We examined definition,coding systems,classification,grading scales and assess-ment.Results According to the ICF framework,at the level of body functions and structures,physical disability mainly in-volved neuromusculoskeletal and movement related functions(b7),including joint and bone functions(b710-b729),muscle functions(b730-b749),and movement functions(b750-b789).At the activities and participation level,it primarily concerned mobility(d410-d499)and self care(d510-d599).Related conditions were commonly found in Certain infectious or parasitic diseases(01),Diseases of the nervous system(08),Diseases of the muscu-loskeletal system or connective tissue(15),Developmental anomalies(20),and Injury,poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes(22),etc.Among the five standards,only Disability Classification Standard ex-plicitly defined physical disability,yet its terminology did not followed ICF categories.Regarding coding,only the Insurance Standard adopted ICF codes;and the other four used self devised coding systems.The sub catego-ries in these physical disability standards did not fully cover all ICF categories relevant to physical disability.In terms of grading,Disability Classification Standard used a four level grading,whereas the other four standards employed ten level grading.Concerning assessment,all five emphasized evaluation of body structures and func-tions and involved daily activity capacity;however,WHO Disability Assessment Schedule(WHODAS 2.0)for comprehensive functional assessment,had not been proposed for evaluation of general functioning.Conclusion China has developed different physical disability standards to meet diverse needs.There are differences in definition,structure and content.It is necessary to revise and refine the relevant components of physical disabili-ty,including definition,classification,grading,coding and assessment,based on ICF and ICD-11,and to intro-duce WHODAS 2.0 as a comprehensive functional assessment tool.

Objectives:To compare and analyze the MRI characteristics and fatty infiltration(FI)of the lum-bar spine in patients with and without osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture(OVCF)to explore their rela-tionships with fracture.Methods:46 patients with OVCF(70.67±11.99 years old;11 males,35 famales)were retrospectively analyzed,and 46 age-(70.76±5.40)and sex-(11 males,35 famales)matched osteoporotic pa-tients without OVCF were taken as the control group.Paravertebral muscle FI,cross-sectional area(CSA),and vertebral bone quality(VBQ)score were measured on lumbar MRI.Independent samples t-test was used to compare the differences between the OVCF group and the control group,and regression analysis was per-formed to explore the risk factors for the development of OVCF.Results:Patients in the OVCF group had significantly higher VBQ scores(P＜0.05)and significantly higher paravertebral muscle FI(P＜0.05)than those in the control group.There was no significant difference in CSA of paravertebral muscles between the two groups.VBQ score(OR=1.963,P＜0.01)and FI of paravertebral muscles represented by L4(OR=1.203,P＜0.01)were the independent risk factors for OVCF.Conclusions:The MRI parameters of lumbar spine in patients with OVCF had greater VBQ scores and paravertebral muscle FI compared with the osteoporotic patients without OVCF;VBQ scores and paravertebral muscle FI are the independent risk factors for OVCF,and at-tentions should be paid to improve paravertebral muscle functions in the meantime of preventing OVCF.

Objective:To analyze the clinical data on hospitalized spinal cord injury patients with calf muscle vein thromboses (MCVTs) seeking prevention and treatment techniques.Methods:The medical records of 423 patients with spinal cord injury were collected. Those with MCVT constituted the observation group, while those without served as controls. Their clinical data were compared.Results:The risk factors for MCVT were screened in logistic regression analyses. The results showed that age, an ASIA grade of A or B, spinal fusion, preventive anticoagulation, physiotherapy treatment and a homocysteine level >15μmol/L were risk factors for the occurrence of a MCVT.Conclusions:Age, an ASIA grade of A or B, spinal fusion or an elevated serum homocysteine level are all risk factors for MCVT. Active anticoagulation and physical therapy may reduce the risk.

Recovery, rehabilitation and repair of spinal cord injury are frequently mentioned in clinical practice, scientific research and teaching practice of spinal cord injury. The term of spinal cord injury rehabilitation is abused and relevant terms needs to be standardized. Based on the 《International Classification of Function, Disability and Health》(ICF), the following issues are discussed: spinal cord injury recovery and ICF impairment classification, spinal cord injury rehabilitation and ICF activity, participation classification, and the relationship between spinal cord injury recovery, rehabilitation and repair. The terms of spinal cord injury recovery, rehabilitation and repair are comprehensively analyzed to provide reference for clinical practice. Meanwhile, spinal cord injury researches are summarized and prospected.

The mechanism of cell transplantation in repairing spinal cord injury mainly include replacing damaged neurons, protecting host neurons, preventing apoptosis, promoting axon regeneration and synapse formation, promoting myelination and secreting nutritional factors to improve microenvironment. A variety of cells have been used to repair spinal cord injury in animal models with certain effects, but the repair effect on complete injury is not obvious. Due to the difficulty in repairing spinal cord injury and the complexity of high-quality clinical studies, there lacks safe and effective comprehensive treatment method to maximize the improvement and recovery of patients' motor function. In order to summarize the research progress of cell therapy in the treatment of spinal cord injury and promote the in-depth study in this field, this article reviews various cell repair methods for spinal cord injury in aspects of their current status, safety and effectiveness and discusses the prospects of cell repair of spinal cord injury.

Changes in metabolism after spinal cord injury cause many nutritional problems, leading to an increased incidence of dyslipidemia, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Unreasonable diet structure will promote the occurrence of metabolic abnormalities, induce secondary lesions, and increase mortality in patients with spinal cord injury at early stage. A comprehensive intervention including exercise, diet and dietary supplements is needed .

Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) often occurs after spinal cord injury, which often causes urinary tract infection, vesi-coureteral reflux, or even renal failure, and seriously impacts on the patient's quality of life. This paper reviewed the mechanism, the com-mon treatment methods, and neuromodulation theray of NDO after spinal cord injury, and elaborated percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation, pudendal nerve regulation and the sacral neuromodulation respectively.

Objective To compare the difference of the spinal cord injury rehabilitation physician training systems between Harvard Uni-versity and Capital Medical University. Methods The spinal cord injury rehabilitation physician training systems of Capital Medical Univer-sity and Harvard University were investigated, including the degree training time, residence training time, training fee and institution. Re-sults Degree education time was more in the basic science in Harvard University than in Capital Medical University. The residence training time was 7 years and 5 years for Harvard University and Capital Medical University, respectively, and the ratio of specialties and sub-spe-cialties was not significantly different. There was a total of 26 spinal cord injury community rehabilitation clinics in Harvard University sys-tem, and none in Capital Medical University. Conclusion Some light can be drawn from the spinal cord injury rehabilitation physician train-ing system of Harvard University, to improve the scholastic building of Capital Medical University.

Objective To investigate the effects of short-segment pedicle screws system on type A thoracic and lumbar spine fracture with or without pedicle screws on the fractured level. Methods 23 patients with type A thoracic and lumbar spine fracture were included, in which 11 cases received traditional short-segment pedicle screws system without pedicle screws on the fractured level (group A), and other 12 cases with pedicle screws on the fractured level (group B). The anterior vertebral height, posterior vertebral height and local kyphosis an-gle were measured before and after operation. Results All pedicle screws were successfully implanted with good location and stability. The vertebral height and kyphosis angle significantly improved after operation in both groups (P<0.05), and the improvement of kyphosis angle was more in group B than in group A (P<0.05). Conclusion Short-segment pedicle screws system with pedicle screws on the fractured level may fine correct the kyphosis angle in short term.