ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibitory effects of curcumol （Cur） on the proliferation and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms. MethodsIn vivo， a subcutaneous tumor xenograft model was established to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of Cur. In vitro， the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to assess the effects of Cur at concentrations of 0， 60， 120， 240， 360， 480， 600， 720， 840， 960 μmol·L^-1 on the viability of NCI-A549 and NCI-H23 cells， and to evaluate its inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Wound healing and Transwell migration assays were conducted to assess changes in cell migratory capacity following Cur treatment. Immunohistochemistry （IHC-P） was used to investigate the regulatory effect of Cur on the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （JAK2/STAT3） signaling pathway in tumor tissues. Western blot was performed to determine the protein expression levels of phosphorylated JAK2 （p-JAK2）， phosphorylated STAT3 （p-STAT3）， proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）， matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2）， matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9）， and vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA） in tumor tissues and cells. To further verify the role of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the pharmacological effects of Cur， rescue experiments were performed using the pathway agonist colivelin. ResultsIn vivo experiments showed that， compared with the model group， the tumor volumes of subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice in both low- and high-dose Cur groups were significantly reduced （P<0.05）， and the tumor inhibition rates were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The inhibitory effect in the high-dose group was comparable to that of the cisplatin group， and the body weight of mice in the Cur groups remained stable throughout the experiment. In vitro， compared with the control group， Cur at concentrations of 120 and 240 μmol·L^-1 inhibited the proliferation of NCI-A549 and NCI-H23 cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05）， with a significant inhibitory effect observed at 360 μmol·L^-1 （P<0.01）， while no significant effect on the viability of BEAS-2B cells was observed. Migration assays demonstrated that， compared with the control group， Cur treatment significantly reduced the migration rates of both cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05）， with an inhibitory effect at 360 μmol·L^-1 comparable to that of the cisplatin group. Mechanistic validation showed that， compared with the control group， the protein expression levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in tumor tissues and cells were significantly downregulated in the Cur groups （P<0.01）， and the expression levels of downstream proteins PCNA， MMP-2， MMP-9， and VEGFA were also significantly decreased with increasing Cur concentration （P<0.05）. In the rescue experiments， compared with the control group， colivelin pretreatment increased cell proliferation and migration rates （P<0.05） and upregulated the expression of related proteins （P<0.05）. Compared with the Cur group， the colivelin+Cur group showed significantly increased proliferation and migration rates （P<0.05）， along with significantly upregulated protein expression levels （P<0.05）. ConclusionCur can significantly inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC both in vivo and in vitro， and its mechanism of action is closely associated with the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway activation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms by which oxyresveratrol （OXY） inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） in non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway. MethodsCell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assays were used to determine the survival rates of A549 and H1299 cells treated with different concentrations of OXY， and appropriate concentrations （0， 30， 60， 90 μmol·L^-1） were selected. The effects of OXY on the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells were evaluated using 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine （EdU） assays and colony formation assays. Wound healing assays and Transwell invasion assays were performed to assess the effects of OXY on cell migration and invasion. Western blot （WB） was used to detect the expression levels of Snail， E-cadherin， N-cadherin， and Vimentin in A549 and H1299 cells. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were applied to predict the mechanism of action of OXY， and WB was used to evaluate the effects of OXY on proteins in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Rescue experiments were conducted using the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway agonist 740Y-P. Under activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway， the effect of OXY on proliferation， migration， and invasion phenotypes， as well as on the expression levels of PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins and EMT markers （Snail， E-cadherin， N-cadherin， and Vimentin）， were examined. ResultsIn the forward experiments， CCK-8 assay results showed that， compared with the control group， the survival rates of NSCLC cells in the OXY-treated groups （20-120 μmol·L^-1） were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） values of A549 and H1299 cells after 48 h of OXY treatment were 113.6 μmol·L^-1 and 92.53 μmol·L^-1， respectively. Therefore， concentrations of 0， 30， 60， 90 μmol·L^-1 were selected as the gradient for subsequent phenotypic and mechanistic studies. Compared with the control group， the proliferation rate， colony number， migration rate， and invasion number of NSCLC cells in the OXY groups （30， 60， and 90 μmol·L^-1） were significantly decreased （P<0.01， P<0.05）. WB results showed that， compared with the control group， the protein expression levels of Snail， N-cadherin， and Vimentin in NSCLC cells of the OXY groups were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， whereas E-cadherin expression was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Network pharmacology and molecular docking results indicated that OXY could act on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and exhibited good binding affinity with PI3K and Akt proteins. Further WB results showed that， compared with the control group， there were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels of PI3K and Akt proteins in NSCLC cells of the OXY groups， whereas the expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K （p-PI3K） and phosphorylated Akt （p-Akt） were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. In the rescue experiments， compared with the control group， the proliferation rate， colony number， migration rate， and invasion number of NSCLC cells in the 740Y-P group （15 μmol·L^-1） were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the control + OXY group （90 μmol·L^-1）， these indices in the 740Y-P + OXY group （15 μmol·L^-1 + 90 μmol·L^-1） were also significantly increased （P<0.01）. WB results showed that， compared with the control group， there were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels of PI3K and Akt proteins in the 740Y-P group. However， the expression levels of p-PI3K， p-Akt， Snail， N-cadherin， and Vimentin were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the control + OXY group， there were no statistically significant differences in PI3K and Akt protein expression in the 740Y-P + OXY group. However， the expression levels of p-PI3K， p-Akt， Snail， N-cadherin， and Vimentin were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. ConclusionOXY inhibits the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and suppresses the EMT process， thereby exerting anti-metastatic effects in NSCLC.

Lung cancer， particularly non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）， is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality in China and worldwide. In 2022， the global number of deaths reached 1.8 million， accounting for 18.7% of all cancer-related deaths， seriously threatening human health and life， and posing a severe challenge for prevention and treatment. Although treatment strategies for lung cancer have been continuously enriched in recent years， and progress has been made in targeted therapy and immunotherapy， long-term survival benefits remain limited due to primary or acquired drug resistance， low immune responsiveness， and chemotherapy-related toxicities. Therefore， there is an urgent need to explore safe and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its advantages of holistic regulation and individualized syndrome differentiation， has played an increasingly prominent role in comprehensive cancer treatment. TCM holds that "Yang deficiency leads to accumulation" is a key pathogenesis of tumors. Based on the theory that "Yang transforms Qi， while Yin forms substance"， deficiency of Yang Qi results in impaired warming and transformation functions， leading to internal accumulation of Yin-cold. This is closely related to dysregulation of the immune microenvironment， "cold tumor" characteristics， and dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system in modern medicine. Accordingly， the therapeutic strategy of "warming Yang， supporting healthy Qi， and combating cancer" has gained increasing attention. In recent years， commonly used Yang-warming Chinese herbs， including Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata， Zingiberis Rhizoma， Cinnamomi Cortex， Epimedii Folium， and Psoraleae Fructus， as well as their active constituents， have achieved notable progress in anti-lung cancer research by regulating multiple signaling pathways， inducing apoptosis， inhibiting metastasis， and reversing drug resistance. In addition， Yang-warming formulae such as Sini Tang and Yanghe Tang have shown promising effects in alleviating myelosuppression， improving cancer-related fatigue， managing malignant pleural effusion， and relieving cancer pain. These therapies exhibit toxicity-reducing and efficacy-enhancing effects， significantly improving patients' quality of life and survival benefits. To systematically summarize the roles and mechanisms of Yang-warming Chinese herbal medicines and compound formulae in lung cancer， this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances， aiming to offer insights for the clinical practice of TCM in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.

ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibitory effects of curcumol （Cur） on the proliferation and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms. MethodsIn vivo， a subcutaneous tumor xenograft model was established to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of Cur. In vitro， the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to assess the effects of Cur at concentrations of 0， 60， 120， 240， 360， 480， 600， 720， 840， 960 μmol·L^-1 on the viability of NCI-A549 and NCI-H23 cells， and to evaluate its inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Wound healing and Transwell migration assays were conducted to assess changes in cell migratory capacity following Cur treatment. Immunohistochemistry （IHC-P） was used to investigate the regulatory effect of Cur on the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （JAK2/STAT3） signaling pathway in tumor tissues. Western blot was performed to determine the protein expression levels of phosphorylated JAK2 （p-JAK2）， phosphorylated STAT3 （p-STAT3）， proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）， matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2）， matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9）， and vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA） in tumor tissues and cells. To further verify the role of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the pharmacological effects of Cur， rescue experiments were performed using the pathway agonist colivelin. ResultsIn vivo experiments showed that， compared with the model group， the tumor volumes of subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice in both low- and high-dose Cur groups were significantly reduced （P<0.05）， and the tumor inhibition rates were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The inhibitory effect in the high-dose group was comparable to that of the cisplatin group， and the body weight of mice in the Cur groups remained stable throughout the experiment. In vitro， compared with the control group， Cur at concentrations of 120 and 240 μmol·L^-1 inhibited the proliferation of NCI-A549 and NCI-H23 cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05）， with a significant inhibitory effect observed at 360 μmol·L^-1 （P<0.01）， while no significant effect on the viability of BEAS-2B cells was observed. Migration assays demonstrated that， compared with the control group， Cur treatment significantly reduced the migration rates of both cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05）， with an inhibitory effect at 360 μmol·L^-1 comparable to that of the cisplatin group. Mechanistic validation showed that， compared with the control group， the protein expression levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in tumor tissues and cells were significantly downregulated in the Cur groups （P<0.01）， and the expression levels of downstream proteins PCNA， MMP-2， MMP-9， and VEGFA were also significantly decreased with increasing Cur concentration （P<0.05）. In the rescue experiments， compared with the control group， colivelin pretreatment increased cell proliferation and migration rates （P<0.05） and upregulated the expression of related proteins （P<0.05）. Compared with the Cur group， the colivelin+Cur group showed significantly increased proliferation and migration rates （P<0.05）， along with significantly upregulated protein expression levels （P<0.05）. ConclusionCur can significantly inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC both in vivo and in vitro， and its mechanism of action is closely associated with the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway activation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms by which oxyresveratrol （OXY） inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） in non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway. MethodsCell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assays were used to determine the survival rates of A549 and H1299 cells treated with different concentrations of OXY， and appropriate concentrations （0， 30， 60， 90 μmol·L^-1） were selected. The effects of OXY on the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells were evaluated using 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine （EdU） assays and colony formation assays. Wound healing assays and Transwell invasion assays were performed to assess the effects of OXY on cell migration and invasion. Western blot （WB） was used to detect the expression levels of Snail， E-cadherin， N-cadherin， and Vimentin in A549 and H1299 cells. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were applied to predict the mechanism of action of OXY， and WB was used to evaluate the effects of OXY on proteins in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Rescue experiments were conducted using the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway agonist 740Y-P. Under activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway， the effect of OXY on proliferation， migration， and invasion phenotypes， as well as on the expression levels of PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins and EMT markers （Snail， E-cadherin， N-cadherin， and Vimentin）， were examined. ResultsIn the forward experiments， CCK-8 assay results showed that， compared with the control group， the survival rates of NSCLC cells in the OXY-treated groups （20-120 μmol·L^-1） were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） values of A549 and H1299 cells after 48 h of OXY treatment were 113.6 μmol·L^-1 and 92.53 μmol·L^-1， respectively. Therefore， concentrations of 0， 30， 60， 90 μmol·L^-1 were selected as the gradient for subsequent phenotypic and mechanistic studies. Compared with the control group， the proliferation rate， colony number， migration rate， and invasion number of NSCLC cells in the OXY groups （30， 60， and 90 μmol·L^-1） were significantly decreased （P<0.01， P<0.05）. WB results showed that， compared with the control group， the protein expression levels of Snail， N-cadherin， and Vimentin in NSCLC cells of the OXY groups were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， whereas E-cadherin expression was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Network pharmacology and molecular docking results indicated that OXY could act on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and exhibited good binding affinity with PI3K and Akt proteins. Further WB results showed that， compared with the control group， there were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels of PI3K and Akt proteins in NSCLC cells of the OXY groups， whereas the expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K （p-PI3K） and phosphorylated Akt （p-Akt） were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. In the rescue experiments， compared with the control group， the proliferation rate， colony number， migration rate， and invasion number of NSCLC cells in the 740Y-P group （15 μmol·L^-1） were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the control + OXY group （90 μmol·L^-1）， these indices in the 740Y-P + OXY group （15 μmol·L^-1 + 90 μmol·L^-1） were also significantly increased （P<0.01）. WB results showed that， compared with the control group， there were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels of PI3K and Akt proteins in the 740Y-P group. However， the expression levels of p-PI3K， p-Akt， Snail， N-cadherin， and Vimentin were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the control + OXY group， there were no statistically significant differences in PI3K and Akt protein expression in the 740Y-P + OXY group. However， the expression levels of p-PI3K， p-Akt， Snail， N-cadherin， and Vimentin were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. ConclusionOXY inhibits the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and suppresses the EMT process， thereby exerting anti-metastatic effects in NSCLC.

Lung cancer， particularly non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）， is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality in China and worldwide. In 2022， the global number of deaths reached 1.8 million， accounting for 18.7% of all cancer-related deaths， seriously threatening human health and life， and posing a severe challenge for prevention and treatment. Although treatment strategies for lung cancer have been continuously enriched in recent years， and progress has been made in targeted therapy and immunotherapy， long-term survival benefits remain limited due to primary or acquired drug resistance， low immune responsiveness， and chemotherapy-related toxicities. Therefore， there is an urgent need to explore safe and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its advantages of holistic regulation and individualized syndrome differentiation， has played an increasingly prominent role in comprehensive cancer treatment. TCM holds that "Yang deficiency leads to accumulation" is a key pathogenesis of tumors. Based on the theory that "Yang transforms Qi， while Yin forms substance"， deficiency of Yang Qi results in impaired warming and transformation functions， leading to internal accumulation of Yin-cold. This is closely related to dysregulation of the immune microenvironment， "cold tumor" characteristics， and dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system in modern medicine. Accordingly， the therapeutic strategy of "warming Yang， supporting healthy Qi， and combating cancer" has gained increasing attention. In recent years， commonly used Yang-warming Chinese herbs， including Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata， Zingiberis Rhizoma， Cinnamomi Cortex， Epimedii Folium， and Psoraleae Fructus， as well as their active constituents， have achieved notable progress in anti-lung cancer research by regulating multiple signaling pathways， inducing apoptosis， inhibiting metastasis， and reversing drug resistance. In addition， Yang-warming formulae such as Sini Tang and Yanghe Tang have shown promising effects in alleviating myelosuppression， improving cancer-related fatigue， managing malignant pleural effusion， and relieving cancer pain. These therapies exhibit toxicity-reducing and efficacy-enhancing effects， significantly improving patients' quality of life and survival benefits. To systematically summarize the roles and mechanisms of Yang-warming Chinese herbal medicines and compound formulae in lung cancer， this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances， aiming to offer insights for the clinical practice of TCM in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.

BACKGROUND:Currently,exercise therapy is an effective non-pharmacological treatment for low back pain,and exercise therapy can maintain lumbar spine stabilization through mechanical-chemical coupling between bones and muscles,but there is no clear description of the research progress and optimal treatment protocols for exercise therapy to relieve chronic non-specific lower back pain through mechanical-chemical coupling. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress related to the influence of paravertebral muscles on lumbar spine stabilization during exercise therapy through mechanical-chemical coupling,which in turn relieves chronic non-specific lower back pain,as well as the current optimal treatment protocols of exercise therapy for chronic non-specific lower back pain. METHODS:Literature searches were performed in WanFang database,CNKI,VIP,Web of Science,and PubMed database,with search terms of"chronic non-specific low back pain,lumbar spine stabilization,paravertebral muscles,exercise therapy"in Chinese and English.Relevant literature published from database inception to January 2024 was searched and 93 articles were included for final summarization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Exercise therapy can act on the paravertebral muscles and bones through appropriate mechanical stimulation and produce corresponding changes.Exercise therapy is an important intervention for chronic non-specific lower back pain as it improves the quality of the paravertebral muscles,primarily through mechanical-chemical coupling,and thus maintains lumbar spine stabilization for better relief of chronic non-specific lower back pain.However,there are no clear reports on the exact effective protocols for exercise therapy to treat chronic non-specific lower back pain through lumbar spine stabilization.The development of an individualized exercise program is particularly important for the treatment and prognosis of chronic non-specific low back pain.Muscle mass and bone mass of the same individual are closely related,and imaging assessment of paravertebral muscle mass and quantity is important for disease detection and intervention.

Objective:To analyse the effect of ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy and the coaxial biopsy needle tract radiofrequency ablation on patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma who are considered to be at risk of bleeding.Methods:The data of 117 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent coaxial biopsy needle tract radiofrequency ablation after ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy in Peking University First Hospital from March 2019 to April 2023 were retrospectively analysed. There were 95 males and 22 females, with the age of (62.0±11.8) years. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the following variables: the pre-puncture platelet count, the international standardised ratio, anticoagulation therapy, the haemoglobin (Hb) level, the success rate of the liver puncture, the qualified rate of liver puncture specimens, the number of puncture samples, the length of hospital stay, the Hb level after puncture, bleeding within 10 days post-operation, and complications after ablation, including biliary fistula, hemothorax and organ perforation.Results:Among the 117 patients, 60 cases (51.3%) had an international normalized ratio >1.1, 40 cases (34.2%) had thrombocytopenia, that is, <150×10 9/L, and 17 cases (14.5%) received continuous anticoagulation therapy before the operation. It is evident that all 117 patients successfully completed the ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy, and that all liver biopsy specimens were qualified. The absence of biliary fistula, hemothorax, organ perforation or death in the patients post-ablation was noted. According to the adverse event evaluation criteria, version 5.0, 113 cases (96.6%) were classified as grade 1 and 4 cases (3.4%) were classified as grade 3. The Hb concentration of patients with minor bleeding (grade 1) prior to puncture was (119.7±22.2) g/L, which was significantly higher than the Hb concentration of patients with severe bleeding (grade 3), (76.0±10.4) g/L ( t=3.92, P=0.010). A meticulous examination of the data revealed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to pre-puncture platelet count, pre-puncture international standardised ratio, pre-puncture proportion of receiving anticoagulant drugs, length of hospital stay and number of puncture samples (all P>0.05). Conclusion:For patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who are at risk of bleeding, ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy followed by coaxial biopsy needle tract radiofrequency ablation can obtain satisfactory liver tissue samples and is relatively safe. There were differences in hemoglobin levels before puncture among patients with different bleeding after puncture.

Objective:To explore the relationship between childhood emotional maltreatment and problematic social media use among college students,and to examine the role of loneliness and physical activity in their relation-ship.Methods:A total of 1 186 college students completed the Childhood Abuse Questionnaire(CTQ-SF)emotion-al maltreatment subscale,Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale(BSMAS),UCLA Loneliness Scale(ULS),and Physical Activity Rating Scale(PARS-3).Results:Childhood emotional maltreatment scores were positively corre-lated with the BSMAS scores(r=0.34,P＜0.01).The loneliness partially mediated the relationship between child-hood emotional maltreatment and problematic social media use,with the mediating effect accounting for 30.75％of the total effect.Physical activity moderated the association between childhood emotional maltreatment and prob-lematic social media use(β=-0.10,P＜0.01).Conclusion:Childhood emotional maltreatment is associated with problematic social media use among college students,mediated by loneliness and moderated by physical activity.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of lamb′s tripe extract and vitamin B 12 capsule (LTEVB 12C) on chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) at different locations (antrum lesser curvature, antrum greater curvature, gastric angle, corpus lesser curvature, and corpus greater curvature). Methods:From August 2011 to January 2013, 715 patients with CAG in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial were enrolled from 16 tertiary first-class hospitals across the country, including the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, the First Hospital of Jilin University, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, etc., there were 476 cases in the LTEVB 12C group and 239 cases in the placebo group. The patients of the LTEVB 12C group received LTEVB 12C, and the patients of placebo group received LTEVB 12C mimetic, all the medications were taken 3 capsules each time and 3 times a day after meals, and the treatment course of 2 groups were both 6 months. The efficacy evaluation criteria included the effective rate (a decrease of ≥1 in histopathological score compared with baseline after 6 months of treatment) and the reversal rate (a decrease of ≥ 2 in histopathological score compared with baseline after 6 months of treatment in the patients with moderate to severe CAG). The impact of lesion sites on the therapeutic effects of LTEVB 12C was analyzed by logistic regression analysis. The two-way unordered Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test considering the center effect and Pearson chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results:The effective rates of chronic inflammation at the antrum greater curvature and corpus greater curvature (23.3%, 110/473 vs. 13.0%, 31/239; 20.3%, 96/472 vs. 12.6%, 30/239), the effective rates of atrophy at the antrum lesser curvature, antrum greater curvature, gastric angle, corpus lesser curvature, and the corpus greater curvature (27.0%, 118/437 vs. 15.7%, 34/216; 29.2%, 126/432 vs. 18.5%, 38/205; 27.8%, 121/435 vs. 16.7%, 36/216; 32.5%, 127/391 vs. 19.8%, 37/187; 33.0%, 119/361 vs. 21.8%, 39/179), and the effective rates of intestinal metaplasia at the antrum lesser curvature, antrum greater curvature, gastric angle, and the corpus lesser curvature (45.0%, 112/249 vs. 29.8%, 31/104; 53.8%, 86/160 vs. 33.9%, 21/62; 45.8%, 103/225 vs. 24.0%, 25/104; 51.9%, 83/160 vs. 28.3%, 17/60) of the LTEVB 12C group were all higher than those of the placebo group, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=10.76, 6.39, 9.69, 7.91, 11.05, 9.62, 8.57, 5.20, 7.11, 12.45, and 6.73; all P<0.05). The reversal rates of chronic inflammation at the corpus lesser curvature and corpus greater curvature (5.2%, 12/231 vs. 0, 0/123; 4.7%, 8/170 vs. 0, 0/88), the reversal rates of atrophy at the antrum lesser curvature, antrum greater curvature, corpus lesser curvature, and the corpus greater curvature (6.8%, 22/323 vs. 1.3%, 2/151; 9.2%, 29/315 vs. 1.4%, 2/144; 14.2%, 38/267 vs. 2.5%, 3/121; 20.8%, 35/168 vs. 5.8%, 4/69), and the reversal rates of intestinal metaplasia at the antrum lesser curvature, antrum greater curvature, gastric angle, and the corpus lesser curvature (29.8%, 39/131 vs. 9.1%, 4/44; 41.0%, 32/78 vs. 12.5%, 3/24; 33.3%, 44/132 vs. 4.8%, 3/63; 50.0%, 37/74 vs. 8.7%, 2/23) of the LTEVB 12C group were all higher than those of the placebo group, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=6.58, 5.12, 5.60, 8.61, 11.43, 6.59, 7.30, 4.95, 15.92, 7.62; all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the effective rates and reversal rates of active inflammation at different locations between the LTEVB 12C group and the placebo group (all P>0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis (taking the antrum lesser curvature as the reference) further confirmed that the reversal rates of chronic inflammation ( OR=0.22, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.07 to 0.67; OR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.80), atrophy ( OR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.49; OR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.49), and intestinal metaplasia ( OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.77; OR=0.20, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.52) at the corpus lesser curvature and corpus greater curvature were all higher than those at the antrum lesser curvature, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). There were no statistically siginificant differences in the reversal rates of the aforementioned pathological features between the antrum greater curvature, gastric angle, and the antrum lesser curvature (all P>0.05). Conclusion:LTEVB 12C can achieve good efficacy in the treatment of CAG, and the chronic inflammation, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia at multiple locations are improved, especially at the corpus lesser curvature and the corpus greater curvature.