Introduction: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) construct is recommended by the World Health Organization to assess intention for vaccination; however, there is yet a validated instrument in the context of booster dose Covid-19 vaccination in Malaysia. The purpose of the present study is to translate and investigate the factorial validity and internal reliability of the TPB construct for booster dose Covid-19 vaccination (TPB-BDV) questionnaire in Malaysia. Materials and methods: In the pre-testing of the study, five experts and 40 Malaysian adults respectively rated the content and validity index of all 11 items of the translated questionnaire in Malay version. Next, 160 Malaysian adults completed the Malay version of Theory of Planned Behavior- Booster Dose Vaccination (TPB-BDV) questionnaire via online. Results: In the pre-testing phase, Content Validity and Face Validity Index for 10 items in Malay version of TPB-BDV achieved cutoff mean score >3.0 for relevancy, clarity, ambiguity, and simplicity. Meanwhile, Item 8 scored low on relevancy. In the main study, exploratory factor analysis suggested three factors consisting of a final 10 items (without Item 8) which accounted for 74.0% of the total variance. The three factors were Attitude (5 items), Subjective Norms (3 items), and Perceived Behavioral Control (2 items). The internal reliability ranged from a = 0.83 to a = 0.93, with an overall value of a = 0.90. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the 10-items Malay version of TPB-BDV is valid and reliable to measure the individual decision in taking the Covid-19 booster-dose vaccine among Malaysian adult population.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROSTATE VOLUME MEASUREMENT USING TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND, TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND, AND MRI: A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Introduction: Prostate volume (PV) measurement is crucial for managing prostate conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Its range can be measured using different imaging modalities like transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate, which were compared in this study. Methods: A single tertiary centre retrospective observational analysis was conducted on PV measurements obtained through TAUS, TRUS, and MRI prostate from the same patients prior to biopsy. The mean of PV from each imaging modality was analysed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey post hoc test, with p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Only 311 out of 718 patients who underwent TRUS biopsy from January 2018 until December 2022 were eligible for this study based on the inclusion criteria. The median age and PSA were 71 years old and 7.5 ng/mL, respectively. No significant difference was found across the means of the imaging modality and PV measurement among the imaging modalities (F = 0.713, p = 0.49). The Tukey post hoc test also revealed no significant difference between each modality, namely TAUS-TRUS (p = 0.45), MRI-TRUS (p = 0.79), and TAUS-MRI (p = 0.85). Conclusion: This study demonstrated no statistically significant relationship in prostate volume measurements from the three different imaging modalities, namely TAUS, TRUS, and MRI.

CASE REPORT OF A RARE PRESENTATION OF MULTIPLE GIANT BLADDER STONE Bladder stone can be classified as primary, secondary or migratory and the etiology can be multifactorial. Unlike kidney or ureter, bladder stone only constituted around 5% of all urinary tract stone. Generally bladder stones occur in conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, neurogenic bladder, chronic infection and foreign body. The prevalence is higher in male with a reported ratio of male to female of 4:1. Giant bladder stone is a rare condition moreover of a case of multiple huge stones. There is a numerous case report about a single giant bladder stone but not so in case of multiple calculi. We reported a case of a lady presented with a sudden onset of acute renal impairment with multiple huge bladder stones detected from imaging. Open cystolithotomy was done and a few huge bladder stones were extracted. This case report is to illustrate a rare presentation of multiple giant bladder stones.

Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases that caused millions of clinical cases annually despite decades of prevention efforts. Recent cases of Plasmodium falciparum resistance against the only remaining class of effective antimalarial (artemisinin) in South East Asia may soon pose a significant threat. Hence, the identification of new antimalarial compounds with a novel mode of action is necessary to curb this problem. Protein kinase has been implicated as a valid target for drug development in diseases such as cancer and diabetes in humans. A similar approach is now recognized for the treatment of protozoan-related disease including malaria. Few Plasmodium protein kinases that are not only crucial for their survival but also have unique structural features have been identified as a potential target for drug development. In this review, studies on antimalarial drug development exploiting the size of Plasmodium protein kinase ATP gatekeeper over the past 15 years are mainly discussed. The ATP-binding site of Plasmodium protein kinases such as Pf CDPK1, Pf CDPK4, Pf PKG, Pf PK7, and Pf PI4K showed great potential for selective and multi-target inhibitions owing to their smaller or unique ATP-gatekeeper amino acid subunits compared to that of human protein kinase. Hence it is a feasible solution to identify a new class of active antimalarial agents with a novel mode of action and longer clinical life-span.