Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 2,000 types of congenital anomalies affecting the human body have been identified, among which craniofacial anomalies rank between second and fourth in prevalence. Hearing impairment occurs in approximately 1.62 per 1,000 live births, while congenital malformations of the external and middle ear occur in about 1.6 per 10,000 live births. The WHO epidemiological report (2022) indicates that severe combined congenital malformations of the external and middle ear, including microtia and aural atresia, occur in approximately 2.35–7 per 10,000 live births. The prevalence of microtia is relatively higher in certain regions of Asia and South America (1 per 1,500–3,000 live births), whereas lower rates have been reported in Europe and Africa. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of surgical reconstruction of the auricle and the external auditory canal–tympanic cavity (meatotympanoplasty) in patients with combined congenital malformations of the external and middle ear. Materials and Methods: Audiological evaluation revealed an air conduction hearing loss of 75–80 dB. Computed tomography grading showed scores of 5–6, corresponding to grade III congenital malformation of the external and middle ear, and classified as type III according to the Nagata–Weerda classification.In cases of unilateral combined congenital external and middle ear malformations (auricular deformity with associated aural atresia), auricular reconstruction and external auditory canal formation were performed in two surgical stages with a 6-month interval. At postoperative day 21, removal of the external auditory canal stent revealed no evidence of canal stenosis, and epithelialization of the skin graft had begun. Result: Postoperative audiological assessments conducted at 30, 45, and 60 days demonstrated a statistically and clinically significant improvement in hearing thresholds, which correlated directly with the healing status of the newly reconstructed tympanic membrane. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that in patients with combined congenital malformations of the external and middle ear, simultaneous reconstruction of the auricle and the external auditory canal–tympanic cavity in a single surgical stage may be feasible. This approach has the potential to reduce overall treatment duration, surgical burden, and psychological stress for patients. However, further studies involving larger patient cohorts and long-term follow-up are required to evaluate hearing stability and the incidence of postoperative complications, including restenosis and secondary tympanic membrane changes.

The prevalence and type of congenital cleft of the lip and palate in mongolia, affiliation of the patients Background: The prevalence of congenital cleft lip and palate is different internationally. There are some research papers which identifying the rate of this abnormality in Mongolia, the latest one shown the result that one cleft case for 1072 live births (Ayanga GN et all, 2012). Aim: to determine/update the prevalence and types of congenital cleft lip and palate in Mongolia Materials and methods: we include the data from all cleft patients who were born between 01 of January, 2011-31 of December, 2021 to this survey retrospectively. We used the e-history for cleft patients, which developed by the department of Maxillofacial surgery since 2011. Results: Totally 1308 cleft patients included to our survey. The prevalence is one cleft cases for 652 live births in Mongolia, and 34,1% is cleft of the lip, 41,4% is cleft of the lip and palate, and 24,5% is cleft palate only of all cases. Also the rate was differently among provinces, as one for 429 live births in Khuvsgul province, and one for 1223 live births in Uvs province. Conclusions: the prevalence of cleft lip and palate in Mongolia 1000:1.5 or one for 652 live births. The highest rate established in Khuvsgul province, and the lowest in Uvs province.

The risk of reinfection of the across mutation SARS-CoV-2 set the task of medicine to look for new ways to solve. One of these areas is the strengthening of innate T-lymphocyte immunity. Research on the use of an interferon inducer by stimulating innate T-lymphocyte immunity in order to innate prevent КОВИД-19 and its mutant forms and during the rehabilitation period after an illness, they give good scientific results and one of the future promising directions of prevention and treatment of КОВИД-19. Researchers have warned that the side effects of SARS-CoV-2 drugs include respiratory failure, decreased blood albumin levels, decreased red blood cells and platelets, anemia and coagulation disorders, jaundice, and liver damage. Adverse drug reactions include drug intoxication and adverse reactions, as well as immune reactions. For these reasons, the need to seek new methods of treatment and prevention and drugs has become one of the most pressing issues in modern medicine.

Nutrition is a key factor in the normal functioning of the immune system, and malnutrition is one of the most common causes of immunodeficiency worldwide today. However, the public health policies on immune system and infection lacks the nutritional strategy to ensure the optimal functioning of the immune system Loss of cellular immunity, phagocyte function, blood protein complex, cytokine synthesis, and A-immunoglobulin secretion are generally associated with protein-energy deficiency.
Some vitamins and minerals, such as A, B6, B12, C, D, E, folic acid, zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper, plays an important role in the immune system function. Deficiency or low levels of micronutrients can negatively affect the immune system and reduce the ability to fight infections.

Background: The correlation between hepatitis B, C viruses (HBV, HCV) and B cell non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (B-NHL) and reducing mortality have been studied extensively worldwide Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV positive cases among B-NHL patients and its influence on the survival rate of these patients (on ≤12 months). Materials and Methods: We have done a retrospective analysis on patients who aged over 20 years and newly diagnosed at the Hematology Center of the First State Hospital between 2015-2018. The patients’ information was collected according the study ethics. We divided the patients into 2 groups, survival rate less than 12 months (≤12 months) and survival rate more than 13 months (≥13 months), and compared them regarding age, gender, seroprevalence, and Ann-Arbor stage. Results: Overall, 226 patients (107 males and 119 females with average 54.4) were enrolled in the study. There were 15% HBsAg positive and 41,6% anti-HCV positive cases, while Baatarkhuu et al. (2005) reported (11.8%, 15.6%; p=0.160, p<0.00001) and Bekhbold et al. (2013) reported (11.1%, 10.6%; p=0.055, p<0.00001) in apparently healthy population. Moreover, anti-HCV positive cases among B-NHL patients were higher (p<0.00001) than those (27%) among hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and same (p=0.404) with those (39%) among liver cirrhosis patients in Mongolia (Bolormaa et al., 2009). Furthermore, 72.0% of all subjects in III-IV stages was accounted for HBsAg, anti-HCV positive group which had ≤12 months, while 52.1% of them was accounted for HBsAg, anti-HCV positive group which had ≥13 months and was statistical significantly lower (p=0.02). Conclusion Anti-HCV and HBsAg positive cases might contribute to survival rate with the B-NHL patients diagnosed at the III-IV stages. HCV prevalence among B-NHL subjects was significantly higher than that among the general population prevalence and was same with anti-HCV positive prevalence among the HCC.

Background: Chemotherapy-related acute exacerbation or hepatitis flares related to HCV positive B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (B-NHL) is one of the significant clinical issues Material and Method: We studied anti-HCV incidences among patients newly diagnosed with B-NHL, from 2015 to 2018. Survey data were collecting from medical history, electronic medical record system of First Central Hospital was acquired and collected according to the research ethics (approved by Ethics Committee of Ministry of Health, No.4 on June 19, 2017). Also, cases of chemotherapy-related acute exacerbation (AE) for HCV-RNA positive cases were studied. Student’s t-test or nonparametric statistics were utilized to test for statistically significant differences in continuous variables, whereas the chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study showed that 39.5% of 233 cases with B-NHL are anti-HCV positive. Anti-HCV positive prevalence among B-NHL subjects was significantly higher compared to the general population. Chemotherapy-related AE occurred in 21.05% for the anti-HCV positive group and 36.36% for HCV-RNA positive group. Furthermore, before chemotherapy alanine aminotransferase (ALT) median was 15.2 for the group without AE, whereas it was 48.2 for the group with AE (p<0.01). Conclusions Our study showed that the prevalence of anti-HCV positive among B-NHL patients was significantly higher than the general population prevalence. For all cases of AE, HCV-RNA was positive, and these patients were treated with only chemotherapy without any anti-viral treatment. Anti-viral therapy needs to be introduced urgently to prevent AE since liver fibrosis is aggravated quickly after AE.

Introduction : The HER2 (Human epidermal receptor 2) proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane receptor protein involved in the development and progression of the majority of cancers. Prior studies have shown that HER2 oncogene is overexpressed in approximately 15–30% of ovarian carcinomas. However findings regarding the overexpression and prognosis are still conflicting. Goal: To determine the histomorphological structure of ovarian tumor and perform immunohistochemical analysis of HER2 in tumor tissues Materials and Methods: A total of epithelial ovarian cancer paraffin-embedded tissue blocks 11collected. The hematoxylin and eosin stained histopathology slides of each of the cases were reviewed to confirm the original diagnosis, and to assess the histological grade of the neoplasm. Our study was performed on 11 ovarian epithelial cancer tissues obtained at the time of first surgery. The staining procedure for HER2 overexpression was performed using a monoclonal antibody. Results: The positive expression rate of HER2 in this study was 81.8%. Significant association was not found between HER2 expression International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage p-values of 0.196, grading 0.642 and histological subtypes. However, there were more cases of advanced-stage disease (III/IV) with HER-2 expression than early-stage EOC (I/II). HER2 positive tumor were grades 1, 2 and 3 respectively. A higher proportion of serous ovarian neoplasm and adenocarcinoma NOS was also observed to be HER2 positive. Conclusion HER2 expression was observed to increase with advanced stages of cancer and was more commonly seen in serous rather than in adenocarcinoma NOS.

Introduction : The occurrence of ovarian cancer had a trend of younger in recent years. Due to no obvious clinical symptoms in the early period, most ovarian cancer was found at later period. The main screening methods are transvaginal ultrasonography, serum CA-125 and so on. About 60-70% of ovarian cancer patients are already in phase III-IV or with abdominal metastasis when diagnosed. Therefore, the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is still in the research, and there is no definite markers, which can be used in clinical. Goal: To determine the immunohistology of ovarian tumor and perform immunohistochemical analysis Materials and Methods: A total of epithelial ovarian cancer paraffin-embedded tissue blocks 30collected. The hematoxylin and eosin stained histopathology slides of each of the cases were reviewed to confirm the original diagnosis, and to assess the histological grade of the neoplasm. Our study was performed on 30 ovarian epithelial cancer tissues obtained at the time of first surgery. The staining procedure for HER2 overexpression was performed using a monoclonal antibody. Results: Analysis histological subtypes of ovarian malignant cancer, 90% of ovarian epithelial ovarian cancer, 6.7% of sex cord-stromal and 3.3% of germ cell tumor. (G1) well differentiated, (G2) moderately differentiated, (G3) poorly differentiated were 23.3%, 40.0% and 36.7% respectively. There is statistically significant direct, medium correlation immunohistochemical examination, the HER2 protein over expression (r=0.38, р=0.022), and HER2 protein 3+ was higher in 66.7 percent were in poorly differentiated. Conclusion In our study ovarian cancer based on the morphological architecture of tissue stained by H&E histological subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (90%). By immunohistochemical 93.3% positive and 6.7% negative ovarian cancer in determine HER2 expression.

BACKGROUND. As of 2015 39,1% of all new cancer cases in Mongolia were HCC having the highest prevalence and it has increased by 4% to the previous year. (Health indicator – 2015, CHD). Although there are quite a lot researches have been done on general cause and impacting factors of HCC, the relevance between the mechanism leading to eventual cancer and the risk factors is still unknown yet. PURPOSE: To define the relevance of the beta-catenin and P53 expression in HCC with the risk factors of HCC in Mongolia. RESULT: 1. 50% of HCV infection in men is related with alcohol consumption and 40% alcohol combined with tobacco consumption. HBV infection has relevance of 46% with tobacco and 52,8% with alcohol consumption. 2. In the first phase of research in 21 HCC cases beta-catenin was identified in cell nucleus and cytoplasm after immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION: 1. It was to observe that HCV infection is commonly combined with alcohol consumption in HCC cases. 2. Although beta-catenin expression was high in HCV, HBV infection and alcohol high risk group, the P53 expression was high among alcohol high risk group. Р < 0.05

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: Adenocarcinoma cancer is the most common cancer in the world and the gastric happens rare however gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world and its pathogenesis and pathology diagnosis haven’t been not studied well. Our study is based on it. AIMS: 1.To determine by age and sex the 70 adenocarcinoma cases which diagnosed by endoscope at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia in 2013-2016 and to diagnose histology method of WHO. 2. To study the gastric cancer in pathology department by immunohistochemistry. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: We worked on 70 patients with gastric cancer in 4th department at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia from 2013 until 2016. RESULT OF STUDY: We determined 70 patients with gastric cancer and of the 70 patients which diagnosed by pathology and immunohistochemistry 35 cases were 50.0% (Adenocarcinoma), 15 cases were 21.4% (gastric neuroendocrinecarcinoma), 2 cases were 2.9% (GIST-gastrointestinalstromal tumor), and 18 cases 25.7% (dysplasia). By sex of the 70 patients 39 cases 56% were males, 31 cases 44% were females and by age 17 cases 24.29% were 51-60 years old, 24 cases 34.29% were 61-70 years old. This results is shown the early 40 years old people has the great risk of this cancer. CONCLUSION: In our study 35 CD56 specific tissues were diagnosed by Ki67 markers and of them 15 cases were gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma and 18 cases were dysplasia determined.