Introduction: This research work was carried out as a joint project between the People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Mongolian contract number is CHN-2022/278, Chinese contract number is YS2021YFE010725. The title of the project is “The underlying mechanism of the synergistic effect of Arsenic Trioxide and Interferon Alpha on the treatment of Arsenic Resistant Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia”. The main executing organisation of Mongolia is the Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences, and the project implementing organisation of the Chinese is Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and the People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China.
PML nuclear bodies (NB) are disrupted in PML-RARα–driven acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Arsenic trioxide (ATO) cures 70% of patients with APL, driving PML-RARα degradation and NB reformation. In non-APL cells, arsenic binding to PML also amplifies NB formation. Yet, the actual molecular mechanism(s) involved remain elusive. Methods: PML and PML-RARα condensate dynamics were examined using live-cell time-lapse imaging, confocal and STED super-resolution microscopy, and FRAP analysis in GFP-tagged PmlKO MEFs before and after arsenic trioxide (ATO) treatment.
Here, we establish that PML NBs display some features of liquid–liquid phase separation and that ATO induces a gel like transition. PML fusion to RARα altered its distribution in the nucleus, as GFP-PML-RAR α localised into many tiny dots with diam diameter below 100 nm in PmlKO MEFs. The basal dynamics of GFP-PML-RARα at these microdots were increased compared with PML at NBs, with a t1/2 of 1.37 minutes and, importantly, no immobile fraction. Here again, ATO treatment drastically decreased PML RARα exchange rates, closer to the dynamics of PML. Thus, ATO therapy drives the gel-like transition of both PML- or PML-RARα–driven condensates. Conclusion These findings show that arsenic trioxide (ATO) converts both PML and PML-RARα condensates from a liquid-like, highly dynamic state into a gel-like, immobilized structure, revealing a key biophysical mechanism underlying ATO’s therapeutic action in APL.

Introduction: In Mongolia, ancient lama doctors and maarambas called it rdo dug in Tibetan. The direct translation of arsenic in Mongolian is stone poison, and the common word is arsenic. Natural arsenic is extracted from stone poison and gold sulphur. It was used as a distinction between red poison and white stone poison. However, there is no specific study of stone arsenic based on ancient medical scriptures and books. Therefore, we have chosen this topic to collect, analyse, and summarise information about arsenic from ancient medical texts written in Tibetan and Mongolian. The purpose of the research work is to collect information and facts from ancient traditional medical scriptures and books written in Tibetan and Mongolian, and to clarify their uses and some terms. Methods: Source study method: The source-study method includes research activities of books, literary works, sources, and papers. We made a historical study on the date and the authors and their literary works in order of the written period, starting from the earliest, thus comparing special, innovative, and creative ideas in terms of content and mentality with other original literary works by using research materials per the research goal and objectives. Comparative method: Comparison is a fundamental tool of analysis. It sharpens our powers of description and plays a central role in concept formation by bringing suggestive similarities and contrasts among sources into focus. Conclusion The study found that there are many references to arsenic in ancient traditional medical scriptures and books written in Tibetan and Mongolian. The Tibetan name for arsenic is rdo dug, the Mongolian name is khuntsel, and the Latin name is arsenic. It was revealed that it is included in several formulas and is also the main ingredient in some traditional formulas.

Abstract The genus Veronica L. of the family Plantaginaceae Juss. comprises approximately 500 species distributed worldwide, particularly across the Northern Hemisphere – Europe, America, Asia, as well as in parts of Africa and Australia. Plants of the genus Veronica and their extracts, infusions, and decoctions are widely used in traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, coughs, influenza, bronchitis, hoarseness, gout, rheumatoid pain, kidney and gallbladder disorders, and metabolic impairments. The fresh herb is applied in the treatment of wounds, skin eruptions, eczema, ulcers, burns, snakebites, and carbuncles. Water- or oil-based extracts are also used to treat bacterial- or fungal-induced skin diseases.
Currently, more than 1,100 medicinal plants are registered in the Mongolian flora. The chemical composition and certain biological and pharmacological activities of over 10 percent of these species have been scientifically investigated. In Mongolia, 27 species of the genus Veronica are officially recorded. However, research results remain insufficient. Generally, Veronica species, considered grassland plants in Mongolia, are tolerant of harsh climates and adaptable to dry conditions. Therefore, studying their chemical composition and specific characteristics, identifying biologically active components, and evaluating their biological and pharmacological activities is crucial. Such research not only validates their traditional uses but also supports the development of scientifically based new products for the prevention and treatment of ailments in living organisms.

Introduction There are determined that three species of Paeoniaceae Raf in Mongolia. Paeonia anomala L, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, and Paeonia intermedia C.A. Mey. The researchers of our country conducted a detailed chemical study of the medicinal raw materials of Paeonia anomala L and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. As a result of a relative study widely of the chemical composition of medicinal raw materials, it was found that they contain simple phenolic compounds, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides, and tannins. However, it was found that there are biologically active compounds in the raw materials of Paeonia anomala L. It is essential to establish, explain, and study in detail the action of the leading chemical compounds and secondary compounds contained in the Paeonia anomala L, which are essential in traditional medicine treatment and are part of the prescription. In our study, ellagic acid, gallic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, and 1-O-galloyl-6 O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were isolated from the roots of the Paeonia anomala L. Among them, brevifolin carboxylic acid and 1-O-galloyl-6-O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were newly identified for the first time. These compounds have been found to be effective in treating liver disease. On the other hand, the traditional medicinal use of Paeonia anomala L is used as an important medicinal raw material for the treatment of ulcers, urinary tract stones, and dysentery. It is also used as a tonic for women in Chinese medicine. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Paeonia anomala L is used to improve men’s vitality and erectile function.

Introduction: Stress, anxiety, and depression are common psychological health concerns among university students worldwide, often impairing academic performance, relationships, and overall well-being. In Mongolia, limited research has addressed these issues. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among students at the Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MUPS) using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and to identify associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 214 students aged 18–50 years. Data were collected through the DASS-21 and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics determined prevalence, while inferential analyses explored associations between mental health outcomes and sociodemographic or contextual variables. Results: Mental health challenges were highly prevalent among MUPS students. Nearly one-third of those aged 18–25 reported high or extremely high stress, while older students (36–50 years) showed elevated depression and anxiety levels. First-, fifth-, and sixth-year students were particularly vulnerable, with almost half experiencing very high stress or anxiety. Pharmaceutical students reported higher rates of depression and stress, whereas traditional medicine students reported more stress and anxiety. Environmental conditions (p=0.020), health status (p=0.001), financial difficulties (p=0.037), and interpersonal relationship problems (p=0.023) were significantly associated with adverse outcomes. Conclusion The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression among MUPS students. Policies and preventive strategies addressing environmental, health related, financial, and social factors are essential to promote student well-being.

Background: In the network of health sector reform, improving the quality and safety of service, organizational development, and ethics and responsibility of doctors and health professionals is a priority issue. To bring this, the patient satisfaction is an important matter. Materials and methods: This study was carried out using a cross-sectional study design with quantitative and qualitative method. To collect data and materials of the study, we used questionnaires from Appendix No.2 of Order 13 of the Minister of Health dated 13 January, 2014. Results: 84 (61.8%) of inpatients evaluated hospital care as a good, while 117 of 197 outpatients (59.4%) evaluated hospital care as an average. The general satisfaction of patients is good for inpatients and average for outpatients. Discussion The patient satisfaction was different depending on the department, gender, age and age group for inpatients, while satisfaction was not dependent on age group for outpatients.

Background: In the network of health sector reform, improving the quality and safety of service, organizational development, and ethics and responsibility of doctors and health professionals is a priority issue. Therefore, it is important to study the satisfaction and needs of healthcare workers, who have essential role in the quality and accessibility of health care service, as well as in social and economic development. Materials and methods: This study was carried out using a cross-sectional study design with quantitative method. The questionnaires were conducted from 63 people who were working in the general hospital of Selenge province. To collect data and materials of the study, we used questionnaires from Appendix No.1 of Order 13 of the Minister of Health dated 13 January, 2014. Results: The Satisfaction score of doctors and healthcare workers which was evaluated by themselves was generally 1.74 ± 0.47 or average, meanwhile 1.62 ± 0.41 or good for each group. Conclusion The employee satisfaction with the General Hospital of Selenge aimag is good. The satisfaction of doctors and healthcare workers is not dependent on the age group, gender, position, and seniority.