Background: Skin diseases are highly prevalent worldwide. Although plant-derived medicinal materials continue to be used among Mongolians for the traditional and household management of dermatological conditions, studies that systematically quantify their frequency of use, informant consensus, and cultural significance remain limited. Aim: To determine the traditional knowledge, patterns of use, and cultural significance of plant-derived medicinal materials used for dermatological conditions among residents of Ulaanbaatar using quantitative ethnobotanical indices. Materials and Methods: Information was collected on the diversity of plant species used for dermatological conditions, modes and frequency of use, perceived effectiveness, adverse effects, and methods of preparation and processing. The collected data were evaluated using quantitative ethnobotanical indices, including the Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Fidelity Level (FL), Relative Popularity Level (RPL), Rank Order Priority (ROP), Cultural Importance Index (CII), Jaccard Index (JI), and Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (SDI). Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2016. The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Approval Protocol No. 25-06/03-03 and Ethical Opinion Protocol No. 26/03-B02). Result: A total of 73 plant species belonging to 36 families were documented, with species from the Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, and Liliaceae families being predominant. Regarding modes of use, 29.6% of the remedies were prepared as infusions or decoctions and applied as washes or topical applications, 18.9% involved the direct application of plant juice, and 18.1% were applied as mashed plant material or poultices. Aloe barbadensis showed the highest ethnobotanical importance, with UV= 0.19, RFC=0.128, CII=0.19, RPL=1.00, and ROP=100. Nugaraa altan tovch, Gobi thyme, yashilduu sea buckthorn, and greater plantain were also highly ranked. The Informant Consensus Factor was highest for thermal burns (ICF=0.82), followed by open wounds (ICF=0.77) and pustular acne (ICF=0.76). Eighteen species overlapped with the 126 medicinal materials recorded in traditional medicinal prescriptions, yielding a Jaccard Index of JI=10%. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index was H′=3.4184, with an evenness value of E=0.7967. Among the informants, 40.8% reported a reduction in symptoms, while 61.9% reported no adverse effects associated with the use of plant-derived medicinal materials. Conclusion 1. Among residents of Ulaanbaatar, information was documented on the use of 73 plant species belonging to 36 families for skin diseases. Knowledge of these plants was transmitted mainly within families, and topical methods of use, including washing with herbal infusions, rinsing, and direct application of expressed plant juice, were predominant. 2. According to the quantitative ethnobotanical indices, Aloe vera showed the highest values for use, citation frequency, and cultural importance. Matricaria chamomilla L., Thymus gobicus Tschern., Hippophae rhamnoides L., and Plantago major L. also ranked highly. The highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values were observed for thermal burns, open skin wounds, and acne vulgaris.

Background: Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. is a perennial shrubby plant of the family Ephedraceae, naturally distributed in the dry and cold desert regions of Mongolia. In traditional medicine, the stems and roots of this plant have been used as decoctions for the treatment of gastrointestinal spasms, abdominal distension, urinary retention, and general fatigue. Members of the Ephedraceae family are known to contain sympathomimetic alkaloids such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which exert strong physiological effects on the central nervous system, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular system. However, detailed information on the tissue- and cell-level localization of biologically active compounds and the microstructural characteristics of E. przewalskii remains limited. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microanatomical structure and histochemical characteristics of the stem and root of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf., with particular emphasis on the localization of biologically active compounds. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected in July from Chandmani soum, Govi-Altai province, Mongolia. The collected material was air-dried in the shade and softened using Ostrich and Fleming solution prior to sectioning. Transverse sections of the stem and root were prepared using a hand microtome and examined under an Olympus light microscope. Histochemical analyses were performed using standard reagents to detect alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, essential oils, polysaccharides, and starch. Results: The stem epidermis consisted of thin-walled, quadrangular cells with a surface covered by spherical protuberances. The stomatal apparatus exhibited a tetracytic structure, and photosynthetic activity was primarily localized in the stem chlorenchyma. The vascular bundles were collateral, with phloem located externally and xylem internally. Idioblasts containing reddish-brown crystalline inclusions were observed in the central pith of the stem. The root showed a polyarch central cylinder, with uniformly distributed, rounded parenchymal cells, and idioblasts similar to those observed in the stem. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and tannins in the stem, predominantly localized in parenchymal and chlorenchymal tissues. In the root, polysaccharides, tannins, and starch were detected, whereas alkaloid accumulation was more prominent in the stem parenchyma. Conclusion The microscopic examination of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. revealed the characteristic structures of the stem epidermis, stomata, chlorenchyma, vascular tissues, and crystal-containing idioblasts, as well as a polyarch central cylinder in the root. Histochemical reactions detected flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, starch, and polysaccharides in the stem, whereas tannins, starch, and polysaccharides were identified in the root. These findings provide a comprehensive characterization of the anatomical and chemical features of the different plant organs.

Background: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular responses to oxidative stress and xenobiotic exposure. However, excessive NRF2 activation can enhance cancer cell survival and contribute to chemoresistance. Therefore, increasing attention has been directed toward naturally occurring flavonoids that may modulate NRF2 activity. Molecular docking provides a computational approach for predicting potential interactions between flavonoids and NRF2 and may help identify candidate compounds for further investigation in cancer therapy. Objective: To evaluate the potential interactions of five naturally occurring flavonoids—daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin—with the Neh1 domain of NRF2 using molecular docking and to identify promising candidates for further investigation based on docking scores and ligand efficiency. Materials and Methods: The potential interactions of five natural flavonoids, namely daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin, with the target region of NRF2 were investigated using molecular docking. Three-dimensional structures of the flavonoids were retrieved from the PubChem database, while the NRF2 protein structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Molecular docking calculations were performed using the CB-Dock2 web platform, which incorporates the AutoDock Vina algorithm. Results: The docking scores of the selected flavonoids ranged from −64.9 to −77.2. Daidzin exhibited the most favorable docking score (−77.2), followed by apigenin (−72.0) and luteolin (−71.4), whereas rutin showed the least favorable score (−64.9). The calculated RMSD values ranged from 14.766 to 15.344 Å, with relatively small differences among the ligands. Daidzin and apigenin exhibited comparatively lower RMSD values. The reported pose-clustering analysis indicated that all ligands occupied similar binding regions. In terms of ligand efficiency, apigenin (−2.40), luteolin (−2.30), and quercetin (−2.20) showed comparatively favorable values. Although daidzin had the most favorable docking score, its ligand efficiency relative to molecular size was comparatively lower. Conclusion The results suggest that daidzin and apigenin may be candidate compounds for further investigation of potential interactions with the Neh1 domain of NRF2. However, these findings are based solely on computational analysis. Further molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies are required to validate the predicted interactions and determine their actual effects on NRF2 activity.

Introduction: Total environment 24 % of all estimated global deaths are linked to the environment. As of 2022, Ulaanbaatar has a population of 1,691,800, vehicles 435,725, thermal power plants 4, market and shopping centers 111, factories 13,465, and 225 gas stations. Also, 1.5 million tons of waste are generated annually, 1135.6 tons of coal are used, and environmental pollution is increasing year by year. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the heavy metal contamination of the soil of Ulaanbaatar city and protect the health of the population. Purpose: To determine heavy metals pollution in the soil of Ulaanbaatar city Materials and Methods: We used descriptive research design in this study. Secondary data from Meteorological and Environmental Monitoring Department was used. The content of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd)) in the soil was evaluated in comparison with the maximum permissible amount specified in the MNS 5850:2019 standard. Statistical analyzing was calculated using SPSS-25 software, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The average concentration of heavy metals in the soil of residential areas of 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar city is cadmium 0.43 mg/kg (min=0, max=26.6), mercury 0.22 mg/kg (min=0, max=4), chromium 11.2 mg/kg ( min=0, max=1609.6), lead is 24.4 mg/kg (min=0, max=257.2). Cadmium concentration in soil Bagakhangai (25%), Baganuur (19.7%), Khan-Uul (18.9%), lead concentration in Nalaikh (8.3%), Bayanzurkh (5.4%), Chingeltei (3.3), mercury concentration in Baganuur ( 24.7%), Khan-Uul (18.4%), and chromium concentration in certain locations of Khan-Uul (4.7%) districts exceeded the standards, respectively. The concentration of soil cadmium (21.2%) and lead (7.7%) near the technical market, mercury concentration (26.3%) near the market and shopping center, and chromium concentration (58.9%) near the central treatment plant exceeded the maximum permissible levels. Conclusion Cadmium and mercury pollution were mainly detected in the heavy metal pollution of the soil of Ulaanbaatar city, and there is heavy metal pollution in certain locations of Baganuur and Khan-Uul districts. Heavy metal pollution is caused by activities such as technical markets, auto repair shops, markets, shopping centers, and treatment plants.

BACKGROUND. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impacts of drug-eluting stents (DES) and bare-metal stents (BMS) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and risk factors of stent restenosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on the Angiographic diagnostic and treatment Department of 3rd State Central Hospital of Mongolia. Patients who had undergone coronary stenting between 2000 and 2017 were recruited and monitored until the end of 2010. RESULTS. Among a total of 4520 selected patients with a mean age of 58±7 years, 2125 subjects had BMS and 2395 subjects had DES. The incidence of stent restenosis and stent thrombosis were significantly lower in the DES (37; 1,5%) group as compared with the BMS (201; 9,4%) group. Patients who have stent restenosis presented comorbidities, such as diabetes 214(47,8%), hypertension 54(22,6%), prior PCI 21(8,2%), re-infarction 12(5,04%), chronic kidney disease 16(6,7%), hyperlipidemia 21(8,2%). СONCLUSION. Implantation of DES was related to better outcomes than for BMS, in terms of reducing restenosis and stent thrombosis after PCI. STEMI patients who have co morbidities have greater risk of stent stenosis and thrombosis

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index. The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm. There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index.The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm.There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

Background Mongolia has been undergoing an epidemiological transition since 1990s. As a result, lifestyle and health behavior related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and injuries are growing steadily and have become the leading causes of population mortality. According to the Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of NCD Risk Factors (2009), the summary of combined NCD risk factors demonstrates that 1 in 5 (26.4%) Mongolian adults have three or more common modifiable NCD risk factors and consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 38.6% of the population. Goal The goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Bugat soum population of Bulgan province. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional survey used a questionnaire of the WHO STEPS survey and adapted it to the local specifics. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the concept of “standard drinks”. A total of 201 randomly selected 15-64 year old residents of both sexes of Bugat soum were involved in the survey. The survey data was collected in September, 2011. The survey data was fully collected using small handled computers (PDAs). Results The survey respondents, 30.3% consisting of males (16.9%) and females (41.2%) were past 12 months abstainers. Of the alcohol users, 69.7% (males 83.1% and females 58.8%) reported drinking during the past 12 months and 47.3% were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In contrary, 60.9% of males and 36.8% of females were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In terms of the frequency of alcohol use by respondents reporting drinking in the past 12 months, 39.3% drank occasionally, 21.4% drank alcohol for 1-3 days a month, 2.5% drank 1-4 days a week, 4.5% drank 5-6 days a week, and 2.0% reported daily consumption of alcohol. Conclusions The survey results showed that current drinking or consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 47.3% in herdsmen of Bugat soum. Of these 60.9% are men and 36.8% are women. As for the quantity of consumption, the current drinkers consumed 13.3 standard drinks for men and 5.0 for women. Frequency of alcohol drinking was higher in males compared to females. The prevalence of binge drinking was 2.5% in men and 0.4% in women, and binge drinking was 6 times more common in males compared to females.

Background: Last years increased the human and animal cases of anthrax. During 2000-2009 infected 197 livestock of them 73 cattles, 7 horses, 13 goats and 104 sheep and 10 human cases of anthrax at Khentii province. Goal: We are aimed to evaluate human and animal cases of anthrax which registered at Khentii province last 10 years.Materials and methods: Used for registration of veterinary report of 2000-2009, last 10 years report of human cases of CIDNF Khentii province. Analyzed the data, compared and evaluated the result of human and animal anthrax cases. Results: The Khentii province included at zone of middle risk, active foci by classification of anthrax risk foci (Tserendorj and et all, 2006). Totally 1148 livestock infected by anthrax during 2000-2009 in national level and of them 17.1% registered at Khentii province. Infected 10 patient during 2000-2009 occurred 12.7 % than national level. Most of patients 95.2% (16) infected by used the skin, meat with died from anthrax. The 4.8% (1) of all patients infected from soil which work at soil. All patients infected by bubonic form. Last 2007, 2008,2009 disinfected at soil and decreased the detection of cultures or positive results from soil.Conclusion: The high risk of human anthrax depends on most likely from animals and soils. Herders take more risks due to their job specialization. Male workers of working age groups are generally infected by anthrax in particular. Especially assistant workers in agriculture and mining sectors are extra vulnerable in anthrax. The new areas have been infected by the virus of human and animal anthraxes because of increases of animal movement from place to place. The reasons of animal movement are number of people working in commercial and hand operated gold mining, herders movement to another area for looking pasture (otor) and growing number of celebration activities (Batshireet, Norovlin soum in 2007).