Background: Panzerina lanata (L.) is widely distributed across various ecosystems in the mountain, steppe, and Gobi regions of Mongolia and has traditionally been used in folk medicine to alleviate joint and muscle inflammation, reduce liver heat, lower blood pressure, promote diuresis, and treat edema and tumors. Its similar applications in Mongolian and Chinese traditional medicine suggest considerable therapeutic potential and biological activity. Studies conducted since 2019 have reported that P.lanata (L.) is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant-active constituents; however, studies on the microscopic and histochemical characteristics of the species growing under Mongolian conditions remain limited, providing the rationale for this study. Aim: To characterize the microscopic features of Panzerina lanata (L.), determine the distribution of starch, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds using histochemical methods, and evaluate the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: For microscopic analysis, plant materials were softened by soaking for 24 h in a 1:1:1 water–ethanol–glycerin mixture (Strich–Fleming solution), followed by preparation of manual transverse and longitudinal sections of the stems, roots, and petals. A 10% chloral hydrate solution was used for clearing. Histochemical analyses were performed using potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), Lugol’s solution (I₂/KI), thymol (C₁₀H₁₄O) with concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), methylene blue (C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S), and Dragendorff’s reagent. The prepared sections were cleared with glycerin and examined under an Olympus light microscope at ×40 and ×100 magnifications, with images documented using a 12-MP camera. Result: Microscopic examination of the roots, stems, and petals revealed that the root stele exhibited a polyarchy arrangement, with clearly differentiated xylem, phloem, and cambial tissues in both transverse and longitudinal sections. Scalariform tracheary elements in the xylem contributed to water and mineral transport and mechanical support. The stem xylem contained both spiral and scalariform tracheary elements. The petals consisted of cells with double walls and single nuclei, while the floral seed tissue was composed of meristematic tissue associated with continuous cell division, growth, and tissue differentiation. Histochemical analysis of transverse and longitudinal sections of the stems and roots, as well as petal sections, revealed the presence of essential oils, polyphenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids), and starch. Conclusion Microscopic, histochemical, and phytochemical analyses of Panzerina lanata (L.) revealed the presence of biologically active compounds, indicating its potential for use in the quality evaluation of medicinal plant raw materials.

Background: Numerous experimental and clinical studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., mainly attributing its biological activities to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and hepatoprotective effects. In particular, silymarin has been reported to exert hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, protecting cell membranes from certain toxic insults, and modulating protein synthesis. Therefore, cultivation of S. marianum and utilization of its seeds for industrial and research purposes are important for establishing a sustainable source of pharmacologically valuable bioactive compounds and increasing the availability of high-quality medicinal plant material. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of cultivating S. marianum from seeds and to determine seed germination, seedling growth and development, survival after transplantation to open-field conditions, phenological stages, and seed yield characteristics. Materials and Methods: Seeds of S. marianum were germinated under indoor conditions, and normally developed seedlings were subsequently raised in a greenhouse and transplanted to a cultivation site near Tamgan Öndör, Erdene sum, Töv Province, Mongolia. Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seedling growth based on morphometric parameters, and survival rate after transplantation were evaluated. At harvest, the number and diameter of capitula, seed weight per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per unit area were determined. Data were expressed as mean±SD, and statistical significance was evaluated at p < 0.05. Result: Of the 1,000 seeds sown, 852 germinated, resulting in a germination percentage of 85.2% and a mean germination time of 11 days. Under greenhouse conditions, plant height increased from 1.0 to 3.0 cm, while rosette diameter increased from 1.2 to 7.0 cm. Of the 452 seedlings transplanted to the open field, 353 survived, corresponding to a survival rate of 78.1%. The first flowering was observed on June 12, full flowering on July 9, and full seed maturation on August 30, with 175 days from sowing to seed maturity. On average, each plant produced 18 branches and 20 capitula, with a capitulum diameter of 4.4 cm, seed weight per plant of 15.5 g, 1000-seed weight of 11.5 g, and seed yield of 195.325 kg/ha. Conclusion S. marianum was able to germinate, establish, complete its major growth, flowering, and seed maturation stages, and produce seeds under the cultivation conditions of the Tamgan Öndör area, Erdene sum, Töv Province. These findings indicate that S. marianum can potentially be cultivated in this specific area as a source of medicinal plant material.

Background: The patients’ view, perception, and evaluation of illness as an individual, as well as their emotional and behavioral responses, are among the criteria predicting the QoL. Increased illness perception and adjustment are emphasized to ensure patients to return to their active life after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) continue their lives more healthily, and have higher levels of physical, mental, and social well-being. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the illness perception and quality of life of patients who had an AMI. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included 100 patients diagnosed with AMI at the cardiology department of Third State Central Hospital and Second State Central Hospitals. The data were collected using Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised and Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale. Result: The mean age of the patients with AMI was 52.2±12.01 years, and 51% were male. Among the subscales of the illness perception questionnaire, the highest mean score was observed for Illness Identity (13.99±5.01), while Treatment Control (19.10±3.18) had the lowest. The lowest score was for Illness Coherence (10.31±2.16). The overall Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale score (43.00±13.10) of the patients was observed to be moderate. The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised subdimensions were observed to have a positive and significant correlation with Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale total score and subscales mean scores. Regression analysis revealed that Illness Coherence and Emotional Representation were significant predictors of QOL. Patients scoring high in these areas reported better QOL. Patients with recurrent infarctions showed significantly lower scores in quality of life (t=-2.234, (p=0.029) and illness perception (t=-3.809, p=.001). Conclusion The study demonstrates that illness perception in AMI patients has a significant positive relationship with their quality of life. Specifically, understanding of the illness and emotional representation were key predictors of better quality of life. This suggests that nursing care and psychosocial support targeting patient understanding and emotional coping can play a crucial role in improving post-infarction quality of life.

Background: School health services play a critical role in protecting and promoting students’ health, thereby contributing to improved academic performance. School nurses provide a wide range of services, including preventive care, health education, and management of chronic conditions among students. Aim: This review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the effectiveness of school-based nursing interventions based on published research. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant studies on school-based nursing interventions were systematically analyzed. The findings indicate that school nursing interventions positively impact the management of chronic diseases, promotion of mental health, and development of healthy behaviors among students. Additionally, reductions in school absenteeism and emergency incidents were consistently reported. Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated that school-based nursing interventions significantly improve students’ health outcomes. These include better chronic disease control, enhanced mental well-being, and increased adoption of healthy lifestyles. Furthermore, students receiving such interventions showed decreased absenteeism and fewer emergency health events at school. Conclusion School-based nursing interventions have a positive impact on students’ health and well-being. Strengthening school nursing services and enhancing collaboration between the education and health sectors are essential to promote the health of children and adolescents and to ensure a healthier future generation.

Background: Population health literacy constitutes a comprehensive competency to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information, serving as a foundational prerequisite for disease prevention frameworks. Within primary healthcare settings, nursing counseling plays a pivotal role in fostering healthy behaviors among citizens; however, there remains a critical need to quantitatively evaluate the correlation between these behavioral modifications and health literacy, thereby establishing an evidence-based analysis. Aim: To assess the level of health literacy and healthy lifestyle habits among citizens, and to evaluate their correlation with nursing counseling and support. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted between August and September 2026, enrolling 145 citizens aged 18 and older who received care at the Tsetsekhairkhan Family Health Center of Songinokhairkhan district, Ulaanbaatar city and Telmen Soum Health Center in Zavkhan Province. HL was evaluated using the Mongolian version of the HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire, and total scores were calculated. Nursing involvement was evaluated via a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0, utilizing logistic regression analysis to determine Odds Ratios (OR) and p-values. Results: The mean HLS-EU-Q16 score of the participants (n=145) was 10.4±3.2. Regarding HL level distribution, 42.1% (n=61) were inadequate, 34.5% (n=50) were problematic/limited, and 23.4% (n=34) possessed sufficient health literacy. Participants perceived nursing support as highly influential (58.8%) and moderately influential (29.8%) in adopting healthy habits. Regular recipients of health counseling from nurses demonstrated a 3.79-fold higher likelihood of actively pursuing a healthy lifestyle (OR=3.79, 95% CI: 1.84–7.81, p=0.001) and a 3.05-fold higher likelihood of implementing the counseling into practice (OR=3.05, 95% CI: 1.35–6.88, p=0.0076). Conclusion Although citizens exhibit a limited capacity to independently search for and appraise health information—reflecting an overall inadequate level of HL—nurse-led counseling and support exert a direct, statistically significant positive impact on enhancing healthy behaviors among citizens.

Background: The relationship between alcohol consumption and sleep disorders is a complex issue. Although alcohol has a sedative effect in small doses, this effect diminishes when alcohol consumption exceeds an average of 7 grams per hour. Aim: To assess the sleep quality of individuals dependent on alcohol. Materials and Methods: A quantitative study was conducted using a survey-based research design. A total of 120 men participated in the study, including 60 alcohol-dependent individuals and 60 in the control group without alcohol dependence. The study utilized demographic questionnaires, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to determine the level of alcohol dependence. Results: The average age of alcohol-dependent participants was 45.3±42.4 years, while the control group had an average age of 42.4±5.1 years. The AUDIT score for the alcohol-dependent group was 25.6±9.8, indicating a high level of dependence, whereas the control group scored 7.2±3.2, suggesting low consumption levels. This difference was statistically significant (t=3.98, p=0.001). In the alcohol-dependent group, sleep latency was prolonged (p=0.042), sleep efficiency scores were lower (p=0.012), and sleep disturbances were more frequent (p=0.039) compared to the control group. The overall PSQI score was 9.82±2.8 for the alcohol-dependent group, whereas it was 4.1±1.2 for the control group. A correlation analysis revealed that poor subjective sleep quality (p=0.023), sleep latency of more than 30 minutes (p=0.012), sleep efficiency below 75% (p=0.021), and sleep disturbances (p=0.019) were significantly associated with higher AUDIT scores. Conclusion Alcohol dependence negatively affects sleep quality, particularly in terms of subjective sleep perception, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency, leading to sleep disorders.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections represent a global concern, with an average of 8.7% of hospital patients suffering infectious complications. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are particularly common and are regarded as preventable complications. Aim: To assess the staff skills in the SPD unit of district hospitals. Materials and Methods: We conducted the study using a descriptive research method and assessed the staff skills in the SPD unit of district hospitals using the WHO Safe Surgery checklist. Results:: The average age of the staff included in the study was 46.69 ± 6.5 years. Of the participants, 97.4% (38 individuals) were women, and 2.6% (1 individual) were men. A total of 39 staff members were evaluated over 156 observations using four different criteria sheets. These evaluations were conducted periodically, with assessments occurring four times. The first criteria sheet focused on the proper use of protective clothing. Out of the 156 observations, 71 instances (45.5%) showed that staff had fully covered their hair, while 99 instances (63.6%) indicated that staff wore closed shoes as required. The second criteria sheet evaluated the performance of sterilization procedures, including the use of chemical and biological indicators, recording, and signing sterilization records. In this category, performance was exemplary, with 100% compliance observed. Finally, the staff’s adherence to disinfection control protocols was assessed. The results indicated that staff demonstrated a strong understanding and execution of these practices, reflecting good overall performance in this area. Conclusion When assessing the sterilzer staff skills in district hospitals, it was noted that the use of protective clothing among sterilization staff was inadequate. Many staff members did not fully adhere to the recommended guidelines for wearing appropriate protective gear during sterilization procedures. Regarding the performance of steam sterilization instruments, the results were generally average, indicating that while the equipment was used appropriately in some instances, there were areas that required improvement in terms of efficiency and thoroughness. In terms of monitoring and disinfection after each sterilization cycle, the staff showed relatively good performance.

Background: Nurses spend the most time with patients when providing medical care, making them a crucial factor in ensuring appropriate and effective treatment. Their assessment skills play a vital role in pain management. Aim: This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Mongolian version of the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted using the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) questionnaire. A total of 145 nurses from the surgical, emergency, and intensive care units of the National Trauma and Orthopedic Research Center (NTORC), the National Cancer Center of Mongolia (NCCM), and the National Center for Maternal and Child Health (NCMCH) participated in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-25 software. Results: The study included 115 female and 30 male nurses, with an average age of 37.21±7.50 years and an average work experience of 13.43±7.57 years. The face validity index (FVI) for each item ranged from 0.81 to 1.00. The content validity index (CVI) for each item ranged from 0.66 to 1.00. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, which was found to be 0.88. Conclusion The Mongolian version of the KASRP demonstrates satisfactory face validity, content validity, and reliability, making it suitable for practical application.

First Maternity Hospital in Ulaanbaatar has provided 1890 women, 2508 women and 3728 women in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively, for diseases in women. Uterine myoma, ovarian cysts, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, ovariandysfunction and endometriosis are commonly among women. These need to be diagnosed at early stages of the diseases. Endometrial carcinoma is detected in 5% of women under 40 years of age with over amount of hormone estrogen on a base of endometrial hyperplasia.Women with endometrial hyperplasia have 5% possibility to have endometriosis, endometroidcysts, ovarian cancer or uterine myoma and 0.5% possibility to have higher complication of disease. Therefore, we aimed to introduce the practical treatment with cytological analysis as a medical treatment and diagnosis method. The purpose of the research is to highlight the diseases mostly occurring in women, determine cytological changes and differences and improve the differential diagnosis.The research work has been carried out based on reports of cytological analyses undertaken by the National Centre of Pathology for 1310 patients, who were all of patients treated at the Inpatient Care Department in FMH in 2014. This study included in the cytological analyses at the National Centre of Pathology, by using special questinnaries and did retrospective study. 67.7% /888/, 27.8% /365/ and 4.3% /57/ of the above mentioned women were tested with cytological analyses due to surgical diseases, endocrinology diseases and inflammatory diseases, respectively. The average age is 39±58. The uterine myoma, the ovarian cyst and dysfunctional uterine bleeding have been more commonly occurred among the 35 diseases in women as 38.9% /510/, 15.7% /206/ and 16.7%/219/ of the women, respectively. For endometriosis cases, the ovarian endometriosis occurred with 3.7%, the fallopian tube endometriosis occurred 2.4%, the adenomyosis occurred 4.7% and the combined endometriosis occurred 0.5%.Based on the reports of cytological analyses on endometrial hyperplasia, the details show that the simple hyperplasia is 52.4% /178/ and the complex hyperplasia is 47.6% /162/.Compared with women without the HPV, a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia occurs to women with the HPVmore than 20 times. /p<0.001, OR=20.81/. It is statistically important that 2nd stage of adenomyosiscauses atypic cellular changes for 3 times. /p<0.001, OR=3.09/. In women, the uterine myoma, dysfunctional uterine bleeding and ovarian cyst disorders are most common. Average age of women with disease in women is 39.58.Compared with women without the HPV, a cellular change occurs to women with the HPV more than 20 times. /p<0.001, OR=20.81/.The 2nd stage of adenomyosis causes atypic cellular changes for 3 times. /p<0.001, OR=3.09/