Background: Indoor air quality in schools is an important environmental health concern because children spend a substantial proportion of their time in classrooms and are particularly vulnerable to air pollutants. Objective: To assess common chemical, and biological pollutants in the indoor air of general education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 10, 2025, to March 1, 2026, in 16 purposively selected schools and 32 classrooms across six districts of Ulaanbaatar. PM2.5, PM10, CO₂, and microclimatic parameters were monitored continuously for seven days. Volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, BTEX compounds, and radon were also measured. Airborne microorganisms were assessed using 160 air samples, and 160 surface swabs were collected. Results were compared with MNS 7106:2026, MNS 5484:2005, and MNS 6410:2018 standards. Results: The mean 24-hour concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 25.2 and 36.1 µg/m³, respectively. PM2.5 exceeded the permissible level during winter and in schools located in apartment areas, whereas the mean PM10 concentration met the acceptable level. Total bacteria were detected in all air samples, with a mean concentration of 1,733.25 CFU/m³. Mould and fungi were detected in 56.3% of classrooms, and enteric bacteria were detected in 4.3% of surface swabs. Radon levels remained below the permissible limit, and pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Formaldehyde was detected in all samples, while total VOCs and toluene were detected in 81.3%; their mean concentrations remained within acceptable levels. In one classroom, the concentration of benzene was detected approximately 30 times higher the permissible level. Conclusion Although some indoor air-quality indicators met the relevant standards, PM2.5, total bacteria, mould and fungi, surface enteric bacteria, and benzene contamination require improvement and may pose health risks to children. Regular ventilation, improved cleaning and hygiene, proper maintenance of HEPA devices, and routine monitoring of particulate matter, mould, and VOCs are needed.

Electronic cigarettes are handheld electronic vaping devices which produce an aerosol by heating an e-liquid. The e-liquid typically contains humectants and flavorings, with or without nicotine; once vaporized by the atomizer, the aerosol (vapor) provides a sensation like tobacco also smoking the heating process can lead to the generation of new decomposition compounds that may be hazardous. Heavy metals, organic compounds, and particles smaller than PM2.5 were found on the puff of the electronic cigarette, also in 2012 International agency research cancer, introduced PM2.5 human carcinogen substance. Therefore, e-cigarette liquid products should be subjected to regulatory control to ensure consistent nicotine delivery. Global youth tobacco survey Mongolia 2019 asked about e-cigarette use status and 3.5% (95% CI: 2.6-4.6) of students currently used electronic cigarettes while one in ten students (10.1%, 95% CI: 8.3-12.2) had ever used electronic cigarettes. E-cigarette advertising is on television and radio in many countries that have long banned similar advertising for cigarettes and other tobacco products and may be indirectly promoting smoking conventional cigarettes. Smoke-free policies protect nonsmokers from exposure to toxins and encourage smoking cessation. Introducing e-cigarettes into clean air environments may result in population harm if use of the product reinforces the act of smoking as socially acceptable or if use undermines the benefits of smoke-free policies.

Introduction: Among the population of Mongolia, cardiovascular diseases (34.2%), cancer (24.3%), accidents and external causes (16.9%) are highly prevalent, and risk factors such as alcohol and tobacco use, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise have increased dramatically, and more than half of people aged 45-64, or 53.2% are at high risk of contracting non-communicable diseases. When comparing the demand for health care and services according to the level of healthcare institutions, it was determined that 70% of the demand is in the primary healthcare institution, 20% at the secondary level, and 10% at the tertiary level. Therefore, in order to prevent these diseases and provide health education to the population, it is necessary to study the attitude of the citizens who visit primary healthcare institutions about public health care and services. Material and Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional research design was used to determine citizens’ attitudes toward public health care and services. In collecting data, a total of 291 people from each of Dornod and Khovd provinces, from the capital of provinces, and 3 soums were included in the target sampling method. When evaluating the attitudes of the respondents, they were rated on a scale of 1-5 for each question. The SPSS-20 software was used to analyze the data. Ethics: The methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Sub-Committee of the Ach medical university on the 30th of June, 2022 (Decision #22/05/04). Results: 51% (148) of respondents rated their health status as good and 42.1% (122) rated it as moderate, and 57.6% (167) of all respondents answered that they visit the primary health center when they have symptoms. Also, the status of visiting a primary health center for prevention is better in the following groups: 45-54 age group, among people with complete secondary and higher education, and soum healthcare center.
The attitudes of the participants towards public health care and services were evaluated in 4 groups, which are the demand for organizing preventive measures, the dependence of health on the individual, and the dependence of health on social and economic conditions, with an average of 4 points which means the demand is great. In addition, the healthcare institution’s organization of measures to promote and prevent the health of citizens is an average of 3.87 points, and the general score of the respondents’ attitude is 3.98 points, which indicates that there is a great demand for public health care and services. Conclusions Despite the low number of visits to primary health centers for preventive purposes among the respondents, attitudes toward public health care and services were good.