Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, with HPV genotypes 16 and 18 classified as high-risk types. In Mongolia, HPV testing has been increasingly implemented in recent years, alongside updates to the national screening program. These developments highlight the need for additional testing approaches to encourage regular participation in the national screening program, improve diagnostic accuracy, and facilitate timely treatment planning. These considerations provided the rationale for this study. Aim: To detect HPV infection in cervical samples collected by healthcare professionals and vaginal samples self-collected by women, determine the concordance between the test results, and evaluate the feasibility of self-sampling for cervical cancer screening. Materials and Methods: A total of 206 women aged 25–68 years participated in the study. Two types of samples for HPV testing and one sample for PAP smear were collected from the participants. 14 high-risk of HPV genotypes were classified into three groups, and cytological findings were evaluated according to the 2014 Bethesda System. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 30.0. Results: The concordance between the two sampling methods for HPV detection kappa was 0.949. High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in 50 women (35.2%) among the participants with available test results. Cytological abnormalities were identified in 51% of women who tested positive for HPV. Conclusion Self-sampling is a reliable method for HPV detection, demonstrating good concordance with healthcare professional-collected cervical samples. It has considerable potential to increase cervical cancer screening coverage and improve access to screening, particularly in geographically remote areas.

Background: Otitis media is an inflammatory disease involving the mucous membrane of the middle ear, including the auditory tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, and air cells¹. Multiple factors contribute to the development of OM, one of which is adenoid hypertrophy5. However, to date, no study has been conducted in Mongolia to assess the relationship between the degree of adenoid hypertrophy and OM. Aim: To analyze cases of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional observational research design. Clinical data from a total of n=215 cases of children who were diagnosed with adenoid and palatine tonsil hypertrophy and underwent surgical treatment at Gurvan Gal Hospital between October 2023 and October 2024 were analyzed. Statistical processing was performed using STATA 14.2, with statistical significance considered at p < 0.05. Results: Clinical data from 215 children were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between the degree of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and otitis media. The children ranged in age from 2 to 17 years, with a mean age of 7.23 ± 3.4 years. Among them, 128 (59.53%) were male (7.09 ± 3.29 years) and 87 (40.46%) were female (7.45 ± 3.58 years). A statistically significant moderate negative correlation was found between age group and the degree of adenoid hypertrophy (rho = -0.3485, p < 0.001). A significant seasonal variation in otitis media was observed (p = 0.0001). A statistically significant correlation was found between the degree of adenoid hypertrophy and otitis media (p < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was observed between the degree of palatine tonsil hypertrophy and otitis media (p = 0.8762). Conclusion The incidence of adenoid hypertrophy is highest among children aged 6 to 9 years, and there is a moderate negative correlation between age and the degree of adenoid hypertrophy. The occurrence of otitis media varies by season, with the highest number of cases reported during the winter months. As the grade of adenoid hypertrophy increases, the number of otitis media cases also rises.

Introduction: Traditional medicine of Mongolia, which is one of the intellectual and physical cultural heritage to Mongols, has been developing a knowledge-based traditional medicine system by intensifying the policy of training traditional medicine personnel with an optimal combination of evidence-based analysis, training and retraining of doctors.
Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir (1704-1788), a well-known scholar of tradition, wrote in details about the causes and conditions of cold and hot crisis reactions, based on his own medical experiences. In addition, there are many examples of how Mongolian doctors adapted the treatment methods used in Indian and Tibetan medicines to treat their people making some changes to the medical herbs for extreme climate conditions.
We have chosen this topic for further studies and learn about additional facts from the scripture “The Spring Wedding” written by Sumbe Archbishop Ishbaljir for more public uses. Methods:
1. Source research
2. Culture and anthropology
3. Analysis synthesis Conclusion “Rashaani khurim” consist of five chapters. First chapter: The 6 main disease. They are wind, bile, phlegm, blood, serious fluid and bacteria. Second chapter: Fever, cold disease, vomiting, diarrhea, small pox, abdominal craps, bacteria, defect of fever and cold, combine wind with fever, disagree fever to cold are most important 10 disease. Third chapter: 70 disorders are caused by internal conditions. Male and female genital disorder, pediatric disorders and geriatrics. Fourth chapter: 19 disorders are caused by external conditions and trauma. Fifth chapter: There became 12 diseases classified by age and sex. The last 3 chapters classified to 101 disorders.

Background: During the historical development of traditional medicine, many books and manuscripts have been written in Mongolian medicine. The main textbook of traditional medicine states that: “The size of a bone consists of 23 bone species, 28 spinal joints, 24 ribs, 32 teeth, and 360 pieces of bone.”
However, modern medicine estimates that the human body has 206 bones. Therefore, this topic was chosen to study the source material of traditional medicine, including the structure of the human body, and the number of bones in the modern medical anatomy textbook. Purpose: Details of the number of bones in the human body in the “Four Medical Tantras” (རྒྱུད་བཞི) of traditional medicine and its commentary, as well as compare with the number of bones in the basic textbook of anatomy of modern medicine. Objectives: In order to successfully implement the research objectives, the following objectives will be implemented. These include:
1. Sampling and analyzing number of bones from traditional medicine;
2. Sampling and analyzing bone numbers from modern medical textbooks;
3. Compare the names and numbers of bones in traditional medicine and modern medicine Results: The number, classification and features of human bones were analyzed from the main scriptures of traditional medicine such as “Explanatory Tantra”, of the “Four Medical Tantras” and the “Legs bshad gser gyi thur ma” by Blo-bzang-chos-grags. In addition, the number of bones in the human body was sampled from modern medical textbooks and prepared for comparison. The number and characteristics of bones in the human body were compared by traditional medicine and modern medicine and made a conclusion.
This study reveals that the foundations for the integrated development of traditional medicine were laid long ago in Mongolian medicine. In addition, to highlight the book “Four Medical Tantras”, which is the basis of the textbook on the structure of the human body and the research work of scientists and scholars, which is considered in Mongolian mamba datsan’s contribution to the science of human anatomy. The importance of this research is to change the extremes of Western medicine and traditional medicine and increase opportunities to use its introduction and development into training and clinical practice. Conclusion
1. The main creature of body structure in traditional medicine is the “Four Medical Tantras” which generally assumes that the numbers of bones are 360 but does not specify it in detail. During the research, we identified 357 bone names to identify each bone. The names and locations of the three bones were not clearly marked in the medical sources.
2. The numbers of bones are 206 in modern medical textbooks. We recalculated 151 bones based on traditional medical sources without duplication of that.
3. Compared to traditional medicine and modern medicine, the number of bones and are higher than 154 bone names in traditional medicine because we included the number of teeth, small bones in the ears and small bones in the fingers and toes. Some cartilage was also counted as bones.