Background: According to a study by US scientists, 1/3 percent of the world’s population uses tobacco, and the use of tobacco has steadily decreased over the years, while the use of tobacco-like products, including electronic cigarettes, has increased rapidly. In order to combat this problem, it is necessary to assess the knowledge about e-cigarettes among young people, who are considered to be the main users of e-cigarettes. The lack of research on e-cigarettes is the basis for this study. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge of electronic cigarettes among Nursing students of the School of Nursing. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by randomly selecting 128 first-year Bachelor of Nursing students from the School of Nursing and taking a questionnaire. The results of the research were statistically processed using the IBM statistics SPSS-25.0 program. Results: Considering the age of the students in the study, 18 years old (41.4%), 19 years old (46.9%), and 20 years old (11.7%) were included. Regarding gender, 113 (88.3%) were female and 15 (11.7%) were male. 65 (50.8%) of the students are enrolled from Ulaanbaatar city, 63 (49.2%) from the local area. When assessing knowledge about electronic cigarettes, 100 (78.1%) had knowledge and 28 (21.9%) had no knowledge. Among students who smoke, 34 (87.2%) smoke e-cigarettes and 5 (12.8%) smoke cigarettes. Sex, where you started, and who you live with are irrelevant to e-cigarette use. But the smoking status is that 32 (36.0%) smoke by themselves with someone in the family who smokes, 7 (17.9%) smoke by themselves without a smoker in the family, friends smoke e-cigarettes 37 (34.3%) smoke by themselves, friends 2 (10%) are related to self-attractors who do not attract friends. (p=0.022) who the participants live with is the motivation for smoking. 36% of students who live with their parents smoke, while 64% of students who live apart from their parents smoke. 84.4% of respondents do not know that e-cigarettes contain propylene glycol, 15.6% do, 63.3% do not know that electronic cigarettes contain benzene, and 36.7% do. Conclusion The level of knowledge about electronic cigarettes among nursing students was insufficient. In addition, having family members or friends who smoke was found to influence students smoking behavior.

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key indicator reflecting bone strength and resistance to fracture. It is influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, genetic background, body composition, nutrition, and physical activity. During young adulthood, peak bone mass is actively formed; therefore, identifying early variations in this period is essential for predicting future skeletal health risks. Accordingly, assessing BMD and evaluating its relationship with physical characteristics among first-year nursing students provides a scientific rationale for this study. Aim: To examine the relationship between bone mineral density and selected physical parameters among students. Materials and Methods: A total of 297 first-year students aged 17-35 years from the School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were included. Bone mineral density was assessed by measuring the speed of sound through the radius using an ultrasound bone densitometry device. Handgrip strength was measured using an electronic dynamometer. Physical parameters including age, sex, height, and body weight were measured using standardized procedures, and statistical analysis was performed. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of MNUMS on November 21, 2025 (No. 26/1) and March 28, 2026 (No. 26/03-B02), with no ethical violations identified. Results: According to T-scores, 37.1% (n=110) of participants had normal bone status and 62.9% (n=187) showed reduced bone density. Based on Z-scores, 52.5% (n=159) were normal, while 45.6% (n=138) had decreased values. T-score values were 1.87±0.69 (<20 years), 1.44±0.55 (20–30 years), and 1.10±0.31 (>30 years), while Z-score values were −0.73±1.38, −0.43±1.23, and −0.02±1.27, respectively. ANOVA analysis revealed statistically significant differences among age groups (p<0.01). A positive correlation was observed between T-score and age, whereas no significant correlations were found with other physical parameters. Z-score showed a positive correlation with handgrip strength. Conclusions 1. A high prevalence of reduced bone mineral density was observed among the students, which may be associated with incomplete attainment of peak bone mass in adolescents and young adults. 2. A significant difference in bone mineral density was found between age groups (p<0.01), indicating that age is an important factor influencing bone mineral density.

Background: Gout is a chronic inflammatory disorder stemming from metabolic dysfunction, characterized by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in joints and soft tissues due to prolonged hyperuricemia. Clinically, it often manifests with abrupt onset of intense joint pain, erythema, swelling, and tenderness, particularly in the small joints of the lower extremities such as the first metatarsophalangeal joint, ankles, and knees. In its chronic form, gout can lead to the development of tophi—firm nodular deposits of urate crystals— resulting in joint deformities, limited mobility, and systemic complications affecting the renal and cardiovascular systems. This case report describes the integrative management of a 68-year-old male patient with a long-standing history of chronic tophaceous gout, presenting with acute exacerbation involving multiple joints and extensive tophaceous deposits. The patient underwent a course of traditional Mongolian medical treatment, incorporating bloodletting therapy (hanuur), soaking therapy (devteeleg zasal), and phytotherapeutic remedies. Conclusion The treatment yielded notable clinical improvements: cupping therapy facilitated the reduction of joint inflammation and edema, alleviated pain, and enhanced peripheral circulation during the acute phase. Soaking therapy using medicated decoctions was effective in softening and reducing the size of tophi, promoting wound drying, restoring joint mobility, and improving overall functional capacity. The patient reported a marked enhancement in quality of life following the integrative treatment course. This case highlights the potential of traditional Mongolian medical interventions as adjunctive or alternative therapeutic strategies for managing severe gout, particularly in cases refractory to conventional pharmacological treatment. Further clinical research and controlled studies are warranted to validate these findings and to explore the broader application of traditional therapies in gout management.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is comparing the efficiency of debris removal of passive ultrasonic irrigation depend on different protocols. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 2 groups depend on vibration power (Weak and Strong, n = 24). And then two groups were subdivided into 3 groups depend on the number of times that PUI used (1, 2 and 3, n = 8). After standardization, teeth were split into two halves. On the wall of one half of root canal, three depressions were cut at 1, 3 and 5 mm from the apex and in the same way two depressions were cut on the other half of root canal at 2, 4 mm from the apex. Each depression was filled with mixture of dentine and NaOCl. After irrigation, images of the root canal wall were taken, and then the amount of remaining dentine debris was evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference between weak and strong power of vibration groups. Weak vibration groups did not show significant difference depend on the different number of times PUI used. But in the strong vibration groups, twice and three times used groups show better removal efficiency. Conclusion The removal efficiency of dentine debris is not significantly different depend on the power of vibration. And multiple use of PUI could have better irrigating effects at the apical third area in the strong vibration group.