Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been shown to be associated with multiple factors, including central obesity, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, and elevated blood pressure, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, the prevalence of MetS has risen sharply worldwide, affecting about one-third of the global population, becoming a major public health concern. Although several studies on MetS have been conducted in Mongolia, research investigating the relationship between iron metabolism and MetS, particularly among men who are most affected, is limited. This formed the basis for the present study. Aim: To investigate selected indicators of iron metabolism in men with and without MetS. Materials and Methods: A total of 227 men aged 30-60 years from Ulaanbaatar were included in this study. Participants were classified into two groups: MetS (case group) and non-MetS (control group). According to the British Columbia “High Ferritin and Iron Overload – Investigation and Management” (2021) guidelines, serum ferritin levels were categorized into three groups: <300 ng/mL as normal ferritin, 300–600 ng/mL as hyperferritinemia, and >600 ng/mL as iron overload. Result: The mean age of the participants was 45.3±8.3 years. Based on the 2009 JIS criteria for MetS (five components), 38.8% (n=88) had MetS and 61.2% (n=139) were without MetS. According to the British Columbia guidelines, 46.7% (n=106) had normal serum ferritin, 33.9% (n=77) had elevated ferritin, and 19.4% (n=44) had iron overload. When serum iron-related proteins were analyzed by group, the ferritin levels ranged from 33.30 to 1330.00 ng/mL with a mean of 320.34 in the non-MetS group, and from 43.10 to 1044.00 ng/mL with a mean of 378.28 in the MetS group (F=3.957, Sig=0.049), indicating a statistically significant difference in ferritin levels between the two groups. Other iron metabolism indicators, including serum iron, transferrin saturation (TSAT%), Unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), Total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and hepcidin, did not show statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusion Among the indicators of iron metabolism, only serum ferritin levels showed a statistically significant difference between men with and without MetS. Other indicators did not differ significantly, highlighting the need for further detailed investigation.

Background: Although breast density is an important determinant of breast cancer risk and the likelihood of masking pathological lesions on mammography, it is insufficient to fully characterize the breast imaging phenotype on its own. Age, body mass index (BMI), total body fat percentage, breast size, compressed breast thickness, tissue distribution, and reproductive history influence not only the biological composition of the breast but also the technical conditions of mammographic imaging. Aim: To synthesize the evidence on how age, BMI, body composition, breast-specific anthropometric characteristics, reproductive factors, and population-specific characteristics influence mammographic imaging. Materials and Methods: In this review, we synthesized evidence from studies indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from 2000 through August 2026, focusing on the associations of these factors with mammographic appearance, lesion conspicuity, BI-RADS classification, image quality, radiation dose, and screening performance. Result: Breast density generally decreases with advancing age and during the menopausal transition. Increasing BMI and adipose tissue volume are also associated with lower breast tissue density. Therefore, the absolute volume of fibroglandular and connective tissue should not be inferred directly from percent breast density alone. Breast-specific parameters, particularly compressed breast thickness and breast volume, are clinically important because they influence positioning, compression, exposure parameters, and mean glandular dose. Studies in Asian cohorts have demonstrated significant associations between age, body size, and mammographic characteristics, although substantial inter-population differences have been reported. Advances in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and artificial intelligence (AI) are enabling a transition from single-category breast density assessment toward multidimensional breast phenotyping. Future research should integrate DICOM technical parameters, standardized anthropometric measurements, quantitative breast density measures, and externally validated AI-derived features to improve personalized screening and radiation dose optimization. Conclusion Breast imaging phenotype should be considered a multidimensional construct integrating breast density with age, body composition, breast spatial architecture, imaging parameters, and validated AI-derived features. This approach may improve biological interpretation, radiation dose estimation, and risk stratification while avoiding the oversimplification that a single breast-density percentage or BI-RADS density category can fully characterize the breast phenotype.

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 25–30% of the total population in developing countries are affected by metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is defined as a cluster of interrelated conditions encompassing abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, and constitutes a significant precursor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular accident (stroke), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The global prevalence of MetS continues to rise in parallel with increasing rates of sedentary behavior and obesity. Morphological alterations associated with MetS are reflected in changes in anthropometric parameters that vary according to individual constitutional characteristics. Physical development is a dynamic process influenced by age, sex, occupational activity, living environment, and geographic-climatic conditions. In the Mongolian population, specific lifestyle patterns, climatic factors, and behavioral characteristics further amplify the risk of obesity, thereby contributing to increasing morbidity and mortality from T2DM and CVD. Although previous studies in Mongolia have examined the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors, data on anthropometric profiles of individuals with MetS remain limited. Therefore, establishing normative anthropometric reference values for individuals with MetS in the Mongolian population is of critical importance. Aim: To determine and compare selected anthropometric parameters between Mongolian males with metabolic syndrome and those without metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 227 males aged 30-60 years residing in Ulaanbaatar city were enrolled in this study. Participants were classified into two groups according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement (JIS) diagnostic criteria: 88 males (38.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for MetS (case group) and 139 males (61.2%) did not (control group). Results: Comparisons of anthropometric measurements stratified by serum ferritin quartiles revealed statistically significant differences in body weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percentage body fat, fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass between the MetS and non-MetS groups (p<0.001). When anthropometric parameters were compared across serum ferritin strata, only percentage body fat showed a statistically significant elevation (p=0.037), while no significant differences were observed for the remaining parameters (p>0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that BMI (beta=3.21, p=0.036) and WHR (beta=7.11, p=0.047) independently increased the risk of elevated serum ferritin levels by 3.2-fold and 7.1-fold, respectively. Conclusions 1. Anthropometric and hemodynamic parameters including BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were all significantly different between the MetS and non-MetS groups, whereas body height showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (F=0.002, p=0.962). 2. Serum ferritin concentration showed statistically significant weak positive correlations with waist circumference (r=0.20), BMI (r=0.19), waist-to-hip ratio (r=0.26), and body fat percentage (r=0.23) (p<0.01). Linear regression analysis identified BMI (β=3.21, p=0.036) and waist-to-hip ratio (β=7.11, p=0.047) as independent predictors associated with a 3.2-fold and 7.1-fold increased risk of elevated serum ferritin, respectively.

Background: Although breast cancer incidence is rising in Mongolia, little is known about how mammographic findings and BI-RADS final assessment categories are recorded in routine clinical practice. Aim: To describe report-derived finding categories and BI-RADS final assessments in a single-centre mammography registry, and to examine the association of age with BI-RADS ≥3. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analytical cross-sectional analysis of 773 mammographic examination records, the earliest examination per participant was retained, yielding 733 women aged 20–74 years. Free-text findings were assigned to mutually exclusive categories using prespecified hierarchical keyword rules, and BI-RADS categories 3 and 4 were combined as “BI-RADS ≥3”. Group differences were examined with Pearson’s χ² test and the age association with logistic regression; a body mass index (BMI)-adjusted model was fitted in 258 women with recorded height and weight. Results: Mean age was 44.2±10.8 years. The most frequent report categories were no lesion (28.4%), calcification (20.1%), density-related descriptors (19.8%) and other benign/structural findings (16.0%). BI-RADS categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 were recorded in 312 (42.6%), 342 (46.7%), 65 (8.9%) and 14 (1.9%) women, respectively, and BI-RADS ≥3 in 79 (10.8%; 95% CI 8.7–13.2). This proportion differed across age groups (χ²=12.72; P=0.026). Each additional decade of age was associated with higher odds of BI-RADS ≥3 (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.16–1.79; P=0.001), and the association persisted after BMI adjustment (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.10–2.36; P=0.013). BMI was not associated with BI-RADS ≥3. Conclusions 1. Among the 733 women examined at a single hospital, the most common mammographic findings were no significant abnormalities (28.4%), calcifications (20.1%), density-related findings (19.8%), and other benign or structural changes (16.0%). 2. Of the final assessments, 89.2% were classified as BI-RADS 1–2, while 10.8% were classified as BI-RADS 3–4. No cases were classified as BI-RADS 0 or BI-RADS 5. 3. For every 10-year increase in age, the odds of receiving a BI-RADS score of ≥3 increased by a factor of 1.44. This association remained independent of body mass index (BMI).

Background: Studying the human embryonic and fetal organ systems development patterns and determining their quantitative indicators is of scientific and practical importance in medicine and health in every nation.
Distortions and pathologies during the development of the embryo are the causes of congenital disabilities. Among the congenital malformations, facial malformations are the 3rd place, including cleft lip and palate in 70% and Srouzon's syndrome in 30%. In addition, abnormalities due to changes in the size, shape, and position of the jaw are also mentioned in the 2021.04.21 issue of Morphology magazine in the study "Morphometric parameters of the bones of the skull and face during the development of newborns and fetuses". In our country, Ariuntuul G (2005) determined that cleft lip and cleft palate occur at 0.76/1000 or 1 in 1314 live births, while Ayanga G (2012) found that it occurs at 1 in 1072 live births or 0.93/1000. Moreover, the eye cup dimensions of Mongolian fetuses aged 16 36 weeks have a positive linear relationship with the gestational age determined using ultrasound by Nandintsetseg B (2015) et al. Compared with the other countries, the eyecup is slightly wider, and the outer edge distance is similar, whereas the inner edge distance is shorter. Purpose: To summarize research work and determine the embryonic development of bones involved in the formation of the face and facial parts, the period of bone formation, the point of ossification, and the period of formation. Methods: During fetal development, human organ systems grow and develop at different rates but in a particular relationship. This feature of growth and development is also clearly observed in the structure of the head and facial bones, and the results of researchers who have studied this aspect are selected in the articles. Results: Embryonic and fetal development of bone are clinically significant not only from the point of view of its morphogenesis but also from the point of view of congenital disabilities. Conclusion In the analysis of the sources, most of the works on the prenatal period of the development of the same body have studied the development of specific structures of the face and facial area, such as the palatine bones and nasal bones, or have generally covered the development of particular systems in the embryo and fetus, and face, there are relatively few works that show the entire dynamics of growth and development of facial bones.

Introduction: Khuumii (throat singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, producing two or more “simultaneous” sounds and melodies through the organ of speech. Material and Methods: The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical structures involved in the formation of khuumii and the features and patterns of their functions and compare each type of khuumii as performed by Mongolian people. A total of 60 participants aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women) were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software using questionnaires, X-ray, endoscopy, sound research method, and general blood tests. Results: 90.7% of the khuumii singers were male and 9.3% were female. The average height of the participants was 172.91±0.93 cm (arithmetic mean and mean error), average body weight was 77.53±2.46 kg, and body mass index was 25.93±5.31 respectively. Heart rate was 92.19±20.71 per minute prior to khuumii while 133.19±19.09 after performing khuumii and 85.81-98.56 at 95% confidence interval. In terms of ethnicity (ethnographically), the Khalkh were the largest ethnic group (72.1%), followed by Bayad, Buryatia, Darkhad, Torguud, and Oirat (2.3%), respectively. 60.5% of the participants were professional khuumii singers who graduated from relevant universities and colleges. The process of Khuumii was recorded by X-ray examination, and laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, interstitial volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Khuumii increases the workload of the cardiovascular system by 70-80%. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. 95.3% of throat singers did not have a sore throat, 88.4% did not experience heavy breathing, and 74.1% had no hoarseness. During the formation of khuumii sound, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and lungs regulate the intensity of the air reaching the vocal folds, exert pressure on the airways and vibrate the sound waves through air flows passing through the larynx and vocal folds. Mouth-nose cavity as well as pharynx are responsible for echoing the sound. Conclusion It is appropriate to divide khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved; shakhaa and kharkhiraa. Khuumii, the “Human music” originating from the people of Altai Khangai basin by imitating the sounds of nature with their own voice in ancient times, spread all over the world from Mongolia and it is proposed to classify khuumii into two main types of shakhaa and kharkhiraa in terms of structural involvement and functionality.

Oriental medicine, are described in detail about the human body association between systemic and musculoskeletal system, the location of the organs and critical points. Critical point or biological active point in the human body has a total of 302, classified about lives and impact is most dangerous, more dangerous and dangerous. These ascertaining theoretical and usage is important. Our aim was to study in limbs of the body composition and perceived status in the critical point.Total 62 most healthy people obtained to the research from this 31 people were male, 31 people were female and 18-28 ages. We used algometry, anthropometry and VAS. Upper and lower limbs of the body composition and perceived status in the critical point compared with body constitution.Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS (PASW) Version 17.0.The mean age were had male 18.47, female 23.42 obtained to the research. “Wind-bile”, “windphlegm” body constitution people were 22.58%, “phlegm-bile” body constitution people were 8.06% and “wind-bile-phlegm” body constitution people not available. A high significant decrease, high correlation in “phlegm-bile” body constitution people were the most high measured in 9 point, “bilewind” body constitution people were lowest measured in 8 point by anthropometry.Comparing results by anthropometric indication, algometry tools, VAS methods is dependent to the positive or reserve.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, the population of noncommunicable sickness is growing rapidly changing lifestyle is one example of this is the widening of accidents-related bone fractures.The National Center for Trauma Treatment of inpatient hospital from a total fractures 10260 or 30.8%, of which 6777 or 66.05% of the marrow bone fractures as well as drugs used in refractive rarely occupied. PURPOSE: To consider a result of the use of Osteocalcium 5 medical preparation for patients who were diagnosed diaphyseal fracture of the tibia and treated by Intramedullar Osteosyntesis (internal fixation)OBJECTIVES:1. To establish process of fractured bone remodeling to original bone contour by TGF-b1 cytokine dynamics in serum2. To establish process of fractured bone remodeling to original bone contour by alkaline phosphatase dynamics in serumMATERIALS AND METHODS: Within the framework of the survey 28 patients of the “Bone, joint and limb section” Section of the National Institute of Traumatology, aged between 25-60 years, were involved in the present survey. Survey participants were classified in 2 groups according to “Krischner wire” position and their Xray’s images. An accordance to the methodology of James Balch and Mark Stengller (2011) daily dosage of the Osteocalcium 5 preparation for test and comparing patients was determined as following introduced: for test group-twice a day before meal 1.5 grams, for comparing group–Calcium D3Nycomed preparation three times a day during 60 days. Transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGFb1) and Alkaline phosphatase was equal of 3, 14, 42 fraction days.RESULT: The present diagram shows that according to the curve TGF-b1 the bone excrescence performance of the Osteocalcium 5 preparation (0.0001) is statically increasing at 14 days and after 42 days it is statically decreasing and the calculated discrepancy (p<0.015) reveals and proofs the impact of its bone excrescence. Alkaline phosphatase in serum 14 days after the fracture Osteocalcium 5 pills used in chapter Nycomed Calcium D3 drank chapters (116,06±35U/L) compared to a statistical difference (p<0.044).CONCLUSION: Preparations Ostyeokalitsi 5 osteoblast chondrocyte cell activity and enable them synthesized by the cells in the TGF-B1 osteoblast line Alkaline phosphatase synthesized in increased serum concentrations of the bone heal affect signaling molecules involved are determined that quickens recovery.

Background:The cardiovascular disease especially coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in worldwide. There is lack of research study which evaluated stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis. It is known that coronary stenosis is highly connected to the levels of biomarkers. Coronary atherosclerosis correlated with endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) levels in a group of patients suspected of having coronary artery disease.Objective:The goal of this study was to evaluate the relation between the coronary atherosclerosis and levels of EDNRAMethods:A total of 311 participants were involved in this study. A case-control study was used in the study. The baselines data were collected from the department of Angiography at the National Third Central Hospital and National lilood Transfusion and Research center. We have determined the degree of coronary atherosclerosis using the Angiography machine and Elisa were used for detecting the blood endothelin levels in all groups.Results:98 participants were diagnosed with stenosis and occlusion. The blood endothelin levels were estimated to 6.32±0.64 pg/ml which refer to () degree of coronary stenosis, the first degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is estimated to 5.56±0.22pg/ml, the second degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is estimated to 5.42J0.34 pg/ml, the third degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is estimated to 5.87 H). 13 pg/ml, the fourth degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is I'SlilllSltll lo 5.69±0.09 pg/ml, it was estimated to 5.88±0.13 pg/ml in control groups. Level of EDNRA (occupying one segment of coronary artery) was estimated to 5.77±0.08 pg/ml. two segment involvement was estimated to 5.72±0.16 pg/ml, three segment involvement 5.73±0.19 pg/ml. four segments involvement 5.50±0.25 pg/ml, respectively.Conclusion:The blood endothelin level and coronary artery stenosis were not correlated statistically significant in control group of the study. However, blood endothelin levels were increased in patients who tend to experience the coronary artery stenosis.

Background: The collagen fibrillar framework of the liver is presumed not only to mechanically support the tissue, but also to form a microenvironment for hepatocytes and cells in the Disse’s space. It has long been considered that the collagen fibers in the liver provide the endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoids with a scaffold, while their excessive accumulation in the hepatic parenchyma is associated with the chronicity of liver diseases and the development of cirrhosis. Purpose: To define detailed organization of the collagen fibrils of the liver. Materials and methods: Collagen fibrils were taken from the livers of 5 male and female cadavers who died not from liver diseases at the ages from 35 to 55. Light microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin stained liver tissues confirmed that the materials had no significant pathological changes. The collagen fibrils of the liver were extracted and observed according to our cell-maceration/SEM method. Results: The alkali-water maceration of the liver at room temperature consistently removed all of the cellular elements with their basal lamina, and left collagen fibrils in their natural locations and shapes, thus revealing the continuum of the collagen fibrillar network under the SEM. The diameter of collagen fibrils was around 57 nm. The collagen fibrillar layer of the liver capsule was about 70- 100 µm in thickness. The capsular layer consisted of collagen fibrillar bundles (0.2-4µm in diameter) of densely packed parallel collagen fibrils. Deriving from between such bundles were many collagen fibrils, they wound independently for some distance and then again fused with the bundles. There were many bundles of collagen fibrils that connected the capsular collagen layer to the collagen fibrillar sheaths for housing the hepatic sinusoids. There were no collagen fibrillar septa delimiting the hepatic lobules, instead, collagen fibrillar sheaths for the sinusoids were continuum throughout the liver. Normal human livers contained 12.0 mg of collagen fibrils/g wet tissue. Both type I and III collagens have been demonstrated immunehistochemically in normal liver.