Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been shown to be associated with multiple factors, including central obesity, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, and elevated blood pressure, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, the prevalence of MetS has risen sharply worldwide, affecting about one-third of the global population, becoming a major public health concern. Although several studies on MetS have been conducted in Mongolia, research investigating the relationship between iron metabolism and MetS, particularly among men who are most affected, is limited. This formed the basis for the present study. Aim: To investigate selected indicators of iron metabolism in men with and without MetS. Materials and Methods: A total of 227 men aged 30-60 years from Ulaanbaatar were included in this study. Participants were classified into two groups: MetS (case group) and non-MetS (control group). According to the British Columbia “High Ferritin and Iron Overload – Investigation and Management” (2021) guidelines, serum ferritin levels were categorized into three groups: <300 ng/mL as normal ferritin, 300–600 ng/mL as hyperferritinemia, and >600 ng/mL as iron overload. Result: The mean age of the participants was 45.3±8.3 years. Based on the 2009 JIS criteria for MetS (five components), 38.8% (n=88) had MetS and 61.2% (n=139) were without MetS. According to the British Columbia guidelines, 46.7% (n=106) had normal serum ferritin, 33.9% (n=77) had elevated ferritin, and 19.4% (n=44) had iron overload. When serum iron-related proteins were analyzed by group, the ferritin levels ranged from 33.30 to 1330.00 ng/mL with a mean of 320.34 in the non-MetS group, and from 43.10 to 1044.00 ng/mL with a mean of 378.28 in the MetS group (F=3.957, Sig=0.049), indicating a statistically significant difference in ferritin levels between the two groups. Other iron metabolism indicators, including serum iron, transferrin saturation (TSAT%), Unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), Total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and hepcidin, did not show statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusion Among the indicators of iron metabolism, only serum ferritin levels showed a statistically significant difference between men with and without MetS. Other indicators did not differ significantly, highlighting the need for further detailed investigation.

Background: Although breast density is an important determinant of breast cancer risk and the likelihood of masking pathological lesions on mammography, it is insufficient to fully characterize the breast imaging phenotype on its own. Age, body mass index (BMI), total body fat percentage, breast size, compressed breast thickness, tissue distribution, and reproductive history influence not only the biological composition of the breast but also the technical conditions of mammographic imaging. Aim: To synthesize the evidence on how age, BMI, body composition, breast-specific anthropometric characteristics, reproductive factors, and population-specific characteristics influence mammographic imaging. Materials and Methods: In this review, we synthesized evidence from studies indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from 2000 through August 2026, focusing on the associations of these factors with mammographic appearance, lesion conspicuity, BI-RADS classification, image quality, radiation dose, and screening performance. Result: Breast density generally decreases with advancing age and during the menopausal transition. Increasing BMI and adipose tissue volume are also associated with lower breast tissue density. Therefore, the absolute volume of fibroglandular and connective tissue should not be inferred directly from percent breast density alone. Breast-specific parameters, particularly compressed breast thickness and breast volume, are clinically important because they influence positioning, compression, exposure parameters, and mean glandular dose. Studies in Asian cohorts have demonstrated significant associations between age, body size, and mammographic characteristics, although substantial inter-population differences have been reported. Advances in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and artificial intelligence (AI) are enabling a transition from single-category breast density assessment toward multidimensional breast phenotyping. Future research should integrate DICOM technical parameters, standardized anthropometric measurements, quantitative breast density measures, and externally validated AI-derived features to improve personalized screening and radiation dose optimization. Conclusion Breast imaging phenotype should be considered a multidimensional construct integrating breast density with age, body composition, breast spatial architecture, imaging parameters, and validated AI-derived features. This approach may improve biological interpretation, radiation dose estimation, and risk stratification while avoiding the oversimplification that a single breast-density percentage or BI-RADS density category can fully characterize the breast phenotype.

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 25–30% of the total population in developing countries are affected by metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is defined as a cluster of interrelated conditions encompassing abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, and constitutes a significant precursor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular accident (stroke), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The global prevalence of MetS continues to rise in parallel with increasing rates of sedentary behavior and obesity. Morphological alterations associated with MetS are reflected in changes in anthropometric parameters that vary according to individual constitutional characteristics. Physical development is a dynamic process influenced by age, sex, occupational activity, living environment, and geographic-climatic conditions. In the Mongolian population, specific lifestyle patterns, climatic factors, and behavioral characteristics further amplify the risk of obesity, thereby contributing to increasing morbidity and mortality from T2DM and CVD. Although previous studies in Mongolia have examined the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors, data on anthropometric profiles of individuals with MetS remain limited. Therefore, establishing normative anthropometric reference values for individuals with MetS in the Mongolian population is of critical importance. Aim: To determine and compare selected anthropometric parameters between Mongolian males with metabolic syndrome and those without metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 227 males aged 30-60 years residing in Ulaanbaatar city were enrolled in this study. Participants were classified into two groups according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement (JIS) diagnostic criteria: 88 males (38.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for MetS (case group) and 139 males (61.2%) did not (control group). Results: Comparisons of anthropometric measurements stratified by serum ferritin quartiles revealed statistically significant differences in body weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percentage body fat, fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass between the MetS and non-MetS groups (p<0.001). When anthropometric parameters were compared across serum ferritin strata, only percentage body fat showed a statistically significant elevation (p=0.037), while no significant differences were observed for the remaining parameters (p>0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that BMI (beta=3.21, p=0.036) and WHR (beta=7.11, p=0.047) independently increased the risk of elevated serum ferritin levels by 3.2-fold and 7.1-fold, respectively. Conclusions 1. Anthropometric and hemodynamic parameters including BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were all significantly different between the MetS and non-MetS groups, whereas body height showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (F=0.002, p=0.962). 2. Serum ferritin concentration showed statistically significant weak positive correlations with waist circumference (r=0.20), BMI (r=0.19), waist-to-hip ratio (r=0.26), and body fat percentage (r=0.23) (p<0.01). Linear regression analysis identified BMI (β=3.21, p=0.036) and waist-to-hip ratio (β=7.11, p=0.047) as independent predictors associated with a 3.2-fold and 7.1-fold increased risk of elevated serum ferritin, respectively.

Background: Studying the human embryonic and fetal organ systems development patterns and determining their quantitative indicators is of scientific and practical importance in medicine and health in every nation.
Distortions and pathologies during the development of the embryo are the causes of congenital disabilities. Among the congenital malformations, facial malformations are the 3rd place, including cleft lip and palate in 70% and Srouzon's syndrome in 30%. In addition, abnormalities due to changes in the size, shape, and position of the jaw are also mentioned in the 2021.04.21 issue of Morphology magazine in the study "Morphometric parameters of the bones of the skull and face during the development of newborns and fetuses". In our country, Ariuntuul G (2005) determined that cleft lip and cleft palate occur at 0.76/1000 or 1 in 1314 live births, while Ayanga G (2012) found that it occurs at 1 in 1072 live births or 0.93/1000. Moreover, the eye cup dimensions of Mongolian fetuses aged 16 36 weeks have a positive linear relationship with the gestational age determined using ultrasound by Nandintsetseg B (2015) et al. Compared with the other countries, the eyecup is slightly wider, and the outer edge distance is similar, whereas the inner edge distance is shorter. Purpose: To summarize research work and determine the embryonic development of bones involved in the formation of the face and facial parts, the period of bone formation, the point of ossification, and the period of formation. Methods: During fetal development, human organ systems grow and develop at different rates but in a particular relationship. This feature of growth and development is also clearly observed in the structure of the head and facial bones, and the results of researchers who have studied this aspect are selected in the articles. Results: Embryonic and fetal development of bone are clinically significant not only from the point of view of its morphogenesis but also from the point of view of congenital disabilities. Conclusion In the analysis of the sources, most of the works on the prenatal period of the development of the same body have studied the development of specific structures of the face and facial area, such as the palatine bones and nasal bones, or have generally covered the development of particular systems in the embryo and fetus, and face, there are relatively few works that show the entire dynamics of growth and development of facial bones.

Introduction: Khuumii (throat singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, producing two or more “simultaneous” sounds and melodies through the organ of speech. Material and Methods: The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical structures involved in the formation of khuumii and the features and patterns of their functions and compare each type of khuumii as performed by Mongolian people. A total of 60 participants aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women) were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software using questionnaires, X-ray, endoscopy, sound research method, and general blood tests. Results: 90.7% of the khuumii singers were male and 9.3% were female. The average height of the participants was 172.91±0.93 cm (arithmetic mean and mean error), average body weight was 77.53±2.46 kg, and body mass index was 25.93±5.31 respectively. Heart rate was 92.19±20.71 per minute prior to khuumii while 133.19±19.09 after performing khuumii and 85.81-98.56 at 95% confidence interval. In terms of ethnicity (ethnographically), the Khalkh were the largest ethnic group (72.1%), followed by Bayad, Buryatia, Darkhad, Torguud, and Oirat (2.3%), respectively. 60.5% of the participants were professional khuumii singers who graduated from relevant universities and colleges. The process of Khuumii was recorded by X-ray examination, and laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, interstitial volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Khuumii increases the workload of the cardiovascular system by 70-80%. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. 95.3% of throat singers did not have a sore throat, 88.4% did not experience heavy breathing, and 74.1% had no hoarseness. During the formation of khuumii sound, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and lungs regulate the intensity of the air reaching the vocal folds, exert pressure on the airways and vibrate the sound waves through air flows passing through the larynx and vocal folds. Mouth-nose cavity as well as pharynx are responsible for echoing the sound. Conclusion It is appropriate to divide khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved; shakhaa and kharkhiraa. Khuumii, the “Human music” originating from the people of Altai Khangai basin by imitating the sounds of nature with their own voice in ancient times, spread all over the world from Mongolia and it is proposed to classify khuumii into two main types of shakhaa and kharkhiraa in terms of structural involvement and functionality.

Introduction: Sarcopenia is a prevalent condition characterized by decrease in muscle strength and loss of body function which result from the decrease of muscle mass in older age. In 2014, the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia developed the diagnosis criterion for sarcopenia. The measurements were changed to accommodate for the physical characteristics of asians. The loss of muscle mass increases after age 40 and decreases by 8 percent every 10 years. After age 70 this number is increased to 15 percent every 10 years. Goal: Assess the prevalence of sarcopenia among men by comparing body height and mass Materials and Methods: The study included 196 older men aged 40 and above chosen by random sampling from the geriatric and rehabilitation cabinets of the Mongolian National Gerontology Center.
Sarcopenia diagnosis was made based on the criteria from the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia using methods by Janssen I and others to compare body mass and height. Results: Comparing body muscle mass and height 11.7 percent of participant aged 40-86 had sarcopenia. When comparing body muscle mass and weigth 33.2 percent had sarcopenia. Conclusion Determining sarcopenia among Mongolian men by comparing muscle mass and body mass resulted in 33.2 percent sarcopenia. When compared with height, 11.7 percent had sarcopenia.

Oriental medicine, are described in detail about the human body association between systemic and musculoskeletal system, the location of the organs and critical points. Critical point or biological active point in the human body has a total of 302, classified about lives and impact is most dangerous, more dangerous and dangerous. These ascertaining theoretical and usage is important. Our aim was to study in limbs of the body composition and perceived status in the critical point.Total 62 most healthy people obtained to the research from this 31 people were male, 31 people were female and 18-28 ages. We used algometry, anthropometry and VAS. Upper and lower limbs of the body composition and perceived status in the critical point compared with body constitution.Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS (PASW) Version 17.0.The mean age were had male 18.47, female 23.42 obtained to the research. “Wind-bile”, “windphlegm” body constitution people were 22.58%, “phlegm-bile” body constitution people were 8.06% and “wind-bile-phlegm” body constitution people not available. A high significant decrease, high correlation in “phlegm-bile” body constitution people were the most high measured in 9 point, “bilewind” body constitution people were lowest measured in 8 point by anthropometry.Comparing results by anthropometric indication, algometry tools, VAS methods is dependent to the positive or reserve.

IntroductionCoronary artery disease is a leading cause of death among men and women globally. Researchershave focused on apolipoproteins for coronary artery disease (CAD) than traditional lipid parameterssuch as total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C. Measuring Apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) provides a directestimate of the total number of atherogenic particles. Also lipoprotein (a) [LP (a)] is super atherogeniclipoprotein that resembles the LDL containing apo-B in its structure and associated with development ofatherosclerosis and thrombogenesis.GoalTo determine some specifi c lipid markers such as apo-B, LP (a) and traditional lipid parameters forcoronary atherosclerosis and compare with healthy groupMaterials and MethodsHospital based case control study. The study included 42 patients undergoing coronary angiographywith >75% narrowing of main coronary arteries and 43 healthy controls. We collected data of traditionallipid parameters by “endpoint” method and apo-B, LP (a) by “immunoturbidometry method” from ROCHECOBAS 6000 analyzer series.ResultÀpo-Â and Lp(a) were 108.88±26.61 mg/dl, 19.50±24.86 mg/dl and signifi cantly higher in patientswith coronary artery disease (CAD) versus control group. Total cholesterol, especially LDL-C thatApo-B is major on its surface signifi cantly different in the study groups (p<0.05). Also, other lipoproteinthat containing apo-B, one of them is LP (a) were higher in the case group (p≤0.05) compared withhealthy controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that Apo-B were one of main risk factors for CAD(OR=1.024, p=0.013).ConclusionOur fi ndings suggest that LDL-C

IntroductionPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of reproductive-age women,affecting an estimated 5-8% of all women in this age group. Clinically, hyperandrogenism, chronicanovulation, central obesity and polycystic ovary can all occur in women with PCOS and may causeof infertility. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an androgenic hormone which produced from adrenalcortex and recently, there is no any data determined DHEA-S in patients with PCOS.GoalOur study was designed to determine serum DHEA-S and other hormones in women with PCOS.Materials and MethodWe have used a cross-sectional study design and the study included reproductive-age 18 women withPCOS. ELISA test to determine serum DHEA-S and other sexual hormones was analyzed for all of thesewomen.ResultWhen we analyzed ELISA test to determine serum DHEA-S and other sexual hormones, DHEA-S level8.0±2.1 μg/ml, LH level 9,45±4,3 mlU/ml, FSH level 5,04±1,1 mlU/ml, prolactin level 19,78±12,2 ng/ml, E2 hormone level 16,8±8,9pg/ml, testosterone level 0,25±0,1 ng/ml were in women with PCOS,respectively. And LH/FSH ratio was 2:1 in these women. (p=0.001).ConclusionBy the result, serum DHEA-S, LH,

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of reproductive-age women, affecting an estimated 5-8% of all women in this age group. Clinically, hyperandrogenism, chronic amenorrhea, central obesity and polycystic ovary can all occur in women with PCOS and may cause of infertility. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an androgenic hormone produced inadrenal cortex and recently, there is no any data determined DHEA-S in patients with PCOS.Our study was designed to evaluate obesity, central obesity, hirsute grade and infertility and to determine serum DHEA-S hormone in women with PCOS and healthy non-PCOS women.We have used a cross-sectional study design and the study included reproductive-age 36 women, of whom 18 were diagnosed with PCOS and 18 were non-PCOS. Anthropometric components were measured and ELISA test to determine serum DHEA-S hormone was analyzed for all of these women. When we analyzed ELISA test to determine serum DHEA-S hormone, DHEA-S level was2.9±2.0 µg/ ml in non-PCOS reproductive-age women and 8.0±2.1 µg/ml in women with PCOS, respectively (р=0.01). Among the women diagnosed with PCOS had higher incidence of central obesity and grade II hirsute and infertility than healthy women (p=0.001). By the result, higher level of serum DHEA-S in women diagnosed with PCOS may cause of sign of hyperandrogenism such as central obesity, infertility and hirsute.