INTRODUCTION: Pharmacogenomic testing in psychiatry is an emerging area with potential clinical application of guiding medication choice and dosing. Interest has been fanned by commercial pharmacogenomic providers who have commonly marketed combinatorial panels that are direct-to-consumer. However, this has not been adopted widely due to a combination of barriers that include a varying evidence base, clinician and patient familiarity and acceptance, uncertainty about cost-effectiveness, and regulatory requirements. This review aims to examine recent updates in this field and provide a contextualised summary and recom-mendations for Asian populations in order to guide healthcare professionals in psychiatric practice. METHOD: A review of recent literature about current evidence and guidelines surrounding pharmacoge-nomics in psychiatric practice was carried out with particular attention paid to literature evaluating Asian populations. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Evidence to Decision framework was applied. Consensus meetings comprising workgroup psychiatrists from the public and private sectors were held prior to arriving at the key recommendations. RESULTS: Pharmacogenomic testing should be mainly limited to drug-gene pairs with established clinical evidence, such as antidepressants and CYP2C19/ CYP2D6. Direct-to-consumer pharmacogenomic panels that assay multiple genes and analyse them via proprietary algorithms, are not presently recommended in Singapore's psychiatric setting due to inconclusive evidence on clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Pharmacogenomic testing in psychiatry is not recommended as standard clinical practice. Exceptions may include concerns about drug concentrations or potential severe adverse drug reactions. Studies investigating newly identified drug-gene associations, and clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of utilising pharmacogenomic testing in psychiatry is encouraged.
Humans ; Psychiatry/methods* ; Pharmacogenetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19/genetics* ; Asian People/genetics* ; Pharmacogenomic Testing/methods* ; Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use* ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6/genetics* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Singapore ; Mental Disorders/genetics* ; Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use*

ABSTRACT The effects of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) on the Ca2+ -dependent ourward K+-cur-rent [IK(ca)] were studied using whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp techniques. Depolarization (pipette potential range from - 20 to - 120 mV)induced a outward Ik(ca) with a conductance of about 40 pS in the cultural aortic smooth muscle cells from SHR and WKY. 10 ?mol ? L-1 CPA significantly enhanced these currents and prolonged the mean open time of the channels. This effect of CPA was completely blocked by glybenclamide, a K+-channel block-er. In the whole cell recording experiments, CPA increased the amplitude of outward K+-current. This effect of CPA was Ca2+-dependent and completely blocked by glybenclamide. There was no any significant difference between the effects of CPA in SHR and in WKY. These results suggest that the functional change of vascular smooth muscle in SHR doesn't appear to be related to Ik(ca).