Hearing loss is the most prevalent disabling disease. Cochlear implantation（CI） serves as the primary intervention for severe to profound hearing loss. This consensus systematically explores the value of genetic diagnosis in the pre-operative assessment and efficacy prognosis for CI. Drawing upon domestic and international research and clinical experience, it proposes an evidence-based medicine three-tiered prognostic classification system（Favorable, Marginal, Poor）. The consensus focuses on common hereditary non-syndromic hearing loss（such as that caused by mutations in genes like GJB2, SLC26A4, OTOF, LOXHD1） and syndromic hereditary hearing loss（such as Jervell & Lange-Nielsen syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome）, which are closely associated with congenital hearing loss, analyzing the impact of their pathological mechanisms on CI outcomes. The consensus provides recommendations based on multiple round of expert discussion and voting. It emphasizes that genetic diagnosis can optimize patient selection, predict prognosis, guide post-operative rehabilitation, offer stratified management strategies for patients with different genotypes, and advance the application of precision medicine in the field of CI.
Humans ; Cochlear Implantation ; Prognosis ; Hearing Loss/surgery* ; Consensus ; Connexin 26 ; Mutation ; Sulfate Transporters ; Connexins/genetics*

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the biomechanics of three kinds of rigid internal fixation methods for condylar head fractures. METHODS: A three dimensional finite element model of the normal mandible was constructed. It was then used to prepare condylar head fracture finite element model and three kinds of rigid internal fixation finite element model (unilateral tension screw, bilateral tension screw, tension screw+titanium plate). The mechanical characteristics and changes of the mandible condyle under the same mechanical conditions were compared among the three different rigid internal fixation methods. RESULTS: The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the non-free end of condyle under the rigid internal fixation method of unilateral tension screw were 71.03 MPa and 4.72 mm, respectively. The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the free end of condyle were 78.45 MPa and 4.50 mm, respectively. The maximum stress of fracture suture was 3.27 MPa. The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the non-free end of condyle under the rigid internal fixation method of bilateral tension screw were 70.52 MPa and 4.00 mm, respectively. The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the free end of condyle were 72.49 MPa and 3.85 mm, respectively. The maximum stress of fracture suture was 2.33 MPa. The maximum equivalent stress and maximum displacement of the non-free end of condyle under the rigid internal fixation method of tension screw+titanium plate were 67.26 MPa and 2.66 mm, respectively. The maximum equivalent stress and maximum displacement of the free end of condyle were 69.66 MPa and 2.50 mm, respectively. The maximum stress of fracture suture was 2.18 MPa. CONCLUSIONS The tension screw+titanium plate rigid internal fixation method is the most conducive to biomechanical distribution for condylar head fractures.
Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Mandibular Condyle/surgery* ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Screws ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Mandibular Fractures/surgery* ; Bone Plates ; Titanium ; Stress, Mechanical

Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease whose exact pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Metabolomics has been widely used in the field of life science to provide strong evidence for exploring the pathogenesis and biomarkers of diseases. In recent years, researchers have applied metabolomics to rosacea-related fields using sebum, tear, saliva, and serum samples. This review summarizes research progress on current metabolomics methods and the application of metabolomics in rosacea.

Rosacea is a chronic facial inflammatory skin disease. It has been proved that heredity, immunity, neurovascular disorders, microorganisms, skin barrier damage and ultraviolet rays are closely related to the occurrence of rosacea. However, the exact pathogenesis of rosacea has not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in the pathogenesis of rosacea in the past 5 years.

Under the backdrop of the "Healthy China 2030" strategy, running has become the most common form of exercise. Fitness running is a kind of endurance aerobic exercise. Compared with swimming, aerobics, and other sports with high activity and intensity, the risk of lower limb fatigue injury during fitness running is higher. In this review paper, the risk factors for running-related injuries were summarized by consulting and analyzing the database and focuses on discussing and analyzing the impact of running on joints. The results showed that hip adduction, knee bending, and ankle joint abnormalities are the three joint-related factors that cause the main injuries during running. Four rehabilitation intervention methods for running-related injuries were proposed, that can guide patients to generate personalized rehabilitation treatment plans through training.

Objective To compare the action effect of traditional and modified lumbar massage obliquity manipulation with different degrees of lumbar degeneration. Methods The biomechanical model of quality-spring-damping system lumbar spine was established and massage forces from professional massage doctors were collected. The force was used as input of the model, and lumbar degeneration was simulated by increasing elastic coefficient of the spring and damping coefficient of the damping in the model. By using MATLAB/ Simulink simulation technology, the effects of massage obliquity manipulation ( the maximum relative displacement and maximum acceleration) with different degrees of lumbar degeneration were obtained for comparative analysis.Results When the lumbar spine was degenerative, the maximum relative displacement and maximum acceleration of each segment were obtained under two manipulations. With the increase of lumbar degenerationdegree, the maximum relative displacement and maximum acceleration of each segment under two manipulations showed a downward trend, and the attenuation rate of the maximum relative displacement and maximum acceleration of each segment under two manipulations was obtained. Conclusions When degenerative changes in the spine do not occur, the effectiveness of traditional lumbar massage obliquity manipulation is slightly better than that of modified lumbar massage obliquity manipulation, but the safety of modified lumbar massage obliquity manipulation is obviously better than that of the traditional lumbar massage obliquity manipulation, so the modified lumbar massage obliquity manipulation should be used. With the aggravation of lumbar degeneration, the action effects of two manipulations are attenuated in a power function. The attenuation rate of effectiveness of modified lumbar massage obliquity manipulation is significantly faster than that of traditional lumbar massage obliquity manipulation, indicating that the modified lumbar massage obliquity manipulation should not be used in the caseof lumbar degeneration.

Osteoporosis （OP） and osteoarthritis （OA） are common bone diseases in clinic. OP is a systemic skeletal disease， and OA is a chronic degenerative joint disease with high prevalence and disability rates. With the advent of the aging population， the incidence rate of OA and OP is increasing year by year， and they have become common diseases of the elderly. The quality of life and physical and mental health of patients are severely affected by the above two bone diseases. Chinese medicine has a long history of treating bone diseases， with a good clinical effect on preventing and treating OP， OA， and other bone diseases with few side effects. It is one of the commonly used methods to treat bone diseases. Polysaccharides， as one of the active substances of Chinese medicine， have various pharmacological activities and a wide range of sources with low toxicity， and their effect cannot be ignored. The role of polysaccharides in the treatment of bone diseases has been deeply studied. It has been found that the mechanism of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in treating OP and OA involves multiple levels， targets， and pathways. Through the analysis and summary of the relevant literature on the mechanism of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in treating OP and OA， it was found that Chinese medicine polysaccharides mainly treated OP by regulating the bone dynamic balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts and affecting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and bone microstructure. The mechanism of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in the treatment of OA is related to the regulation of chondrocyte growth， the increase in the proteoglycan and collagen content in the cartilage matrix， and the reduction of oxygen free radical content and inflammatory mediator level. This study aimed to further explore the internal relationship among mechanisms of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in the treatment of bone diseases， to provide relevant ideas for the study of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in the treatment of bone diseases.

Objective: To investigate the effect of silencing human leukocyte⁃associated antigen⁃G ( HLA⁃G) expression in the chorionic trophoblast cell line JEG⁃3 cells under hypoxic conditions on the biological function of JEG⁃3 cells and through the hypoxia response pathway of endothelial PAS1 region protein 1 (EPAS1)is involved in the molecular mechanism of preeclampsia under high altitude hypoxia. Methods: The expression of HLA⁃G in JEG⁃3 cells was inhibited by transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) . The JEG⁃3 cells after transfection were divided into four groups : normoxic control group , hypoxic control group , normoxic inhibition group , and hypoxic inhibition group. CCK⁃8 test and Transwell test were used to detect the proliferation and invasion ability of the cells in four groups ; The effects of four groups of apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry; HLA⁃G and EPAS1 mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by real⁃time fluorescence quantitative PCR ( qPCR) and Western blot. Results : ① Compared with the normoxic control group , hypoxic control group , normoxic inhibition group , and hypoxic inhibition group could reduce the proliferation activity and invasion ability of JEG⁃3 cells , and significantly increase the apoptosis rate. The hypoxic control group and hypoxic inhibition group also produced anobvious necrotic cell population ; Under the condition of hypoxia , after reducing the expression of HLA⁃G , the cell necrosis rate was further aggravated ; Whether under normoxia or hypoxia , inhibition of HLA⁃G expression caused the cells to be blocked in the G1 phase. ② Compared with the normoxic control group , hypoxia control group , normoxic inhibition group , and hypoxia inhibition group decreased the expression of HLA⁃G protein , and hypoxia and inhibition of HLA⁃G had a synergistic effect; Hypoxia⁃inducible factors⁃2α ( HIF⁃2α ) , vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and endothelin⁃1(ET⁃1) protein expression could be added , inhibition of HLA⁃G decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase( NOS2) . Conclusion In the hypoxic environment , silencing HLA⁃G may affect the biological behavior of trophoblast through the EPAS1 hypoxic response pathway and participate in the occurrence and development of preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE：To optim ize the water extraction-ethanol precipitation technology of polysaccharide from Litchi chinensis seed，and to evaluate its hypoglycemic activity in vitro . METHODS ：The content of polysaccharides was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetry ，and the extraction rate of polysaccharides was calculated. Single factor test and response surface methodology were used to optimize the water extraction technology with the ratio of material to liquid ，extraction times and extraction time as factors ，and the extraction rate of polysaccharide as index. Single factor test was used to screen the concentration volume fraction of water extract and ethanol precipitation Using acarbose as contro l，4-nitrophenol-α-D-glucopyranoside method was used to investigate in vitro inhibitory activity of polysaccharide from L. chinensis seed to α-glucosidase. RESULTS ：The optimal technology was the ratio of material to liquid 1∶19 （g/mL），decocting for 3 times，1 h for each time ，concentrating the water extract to 40％ of original volume ，and adding ethanol to 80％ volume fraction. After deproteinization by Sevage method ，the crude polysaccharide of L. chinensis seed was obtained. The results of 3 times of validation tests showed that ，extraction rates of polysaccharide were 7.61％，7.89％，7.99％，average extraction rate was 7.83％（RSD＝2.52％，n＝3）. The contents of polysaccharide were 55.57％，55.83％ and 56.66％，average content was 56.02％（RSD＝1.81％，n＝3）. The inhibitory activity of the polysaccharide from L. chinensis seed to α-glucosidase were increased as concentration ；its IC 50 was 0.056 mg/mL，which was lower than positive control acarbose （0.196 mg/mL）. CONCLUSIONS：The optimal water extraction-ethanol precipitation technology of polysaccharide from L. chinensis seed is stable and feasible. The polysaccharide from L. chinensis seed show significant in vitro inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase，which is better than that of acarbose.