Achondroplasia (ACH) is a common inherited skeletal dysplasia (inherited dwarfism) that compromises quality of life across the lifespan. In 2021, vosoritide became the first approved precision therapy for ACH and is now available in more than 40 countries. Compared with prior symptomatic measures, vosoritide has demonstrated favorable efficacy and a reassuring safety profile. Nevertheless, existing international ACH guidelines largely emphasize complication management and symptomatic care, and there is no unified consensus on pharmacologic therapy. To address this gap, an international expert group developed the International Consensus Guidelines for the Implementation and Monitoring of Vosoritide Therapy in Patients with Achondroplasia providing systematic recommendations that span the continuum of care - from initial patient contact and pre-treatment assessment to medication counseling, injection training, and long-term outcome monitoring. These recommendations complement and refine current management and nursing protocols for individuals with ACH and offer practical guidance for clinicians across diverse regions. This article highlights key elements of the guideline to provide evidence-based support and clinical direction for healthcare professionals in China treating children with ACH using vosoritide.
Humans ; Achondroplasia/drug therapy* ; Consensus ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Child

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of seven pediatric patients with Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) positive for the t(16;21)(p11;q22) FUS::ERG fusion gene. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on the clinical data, treatment, and prognosis of seven AML patients with t(16;21)(p11;q22) FUS::ERG fusion gene admitted to Henan Children's Hospital between June 2015 and November 2024. Relevant literature was also reviewed. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital (Ethics No.: 2024-102-001). RESULTS: Among 297 pediatric patients with AML, 7 cases (2.36%) were positive for the t(16;21)(p11;q22) FUS::ERG fusion gene, including 3 males and 4 females, with a median age of 11 years (range: 3 ~ 12 years). According to the FAB classification, these included 1 case of M2, 3 cases of M5, and 3 cases of AML-not otherwise specified (non-M3). All 7 patients were found to harbor the t(16;21)(p11;q22) translocation, with 3 cases showing additional chromosomal abnormalities. Immunophenotyping revealed universal expression of CD13, CD33, CD34, and CD117, with partial expression of CD56, CD4, CD64, CD123, CD15, CD38, CD11b, HLA-DR, cMPO, and CD16. One patient achieved complete remission (CR) after the first course of DAE (cytarabine + daunorubicin + etoposide) induction chemotherapy but relapsed and discontinued the treatment. Six patients received DAH (cytarabine + daunorubicin + homoharringtonine) induction therapy, of whom 2 achieved CR after two courses and underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), resulting in an overall CR rate of 42.86%. Five children did not receive allo-HSCT and had a median overall survival of 9 months (range: 6 ~ 18 months). Two children who underwent transplantation achieved bone marrow morphological and molecular biological relapse at 6 and 9 months post-transplantation, respectively. After receiving combined chemotherapy and donor lymphocyte infusion, one child failed to achieve remission and died at 22 months post-transplantation, while the other has been followed up to date with positive fusion gene status. Their overall survival was 25 months and 30 months, respectively. CONCLUSION The t(16;21)(p11;q22) FUS::ERG fusion gene is rare in pediatric AML and associated with poor prognosis. Allo-HSCT may mitigate the adverse prognostic impact of the FUS::ERG fusion gene and contribute to prolonged survival.
Humans ; Male ; Child ; Female ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy* ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics* ; Translocation, Genetic ; Retrospective Studies ; RNA-Binding Protein FUS/genetics* ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics* ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics* ; Prognosis ; Treatment Outcome

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) represents a relatively rare cause of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), but its knowledge is crucial for the clinical andrologists, as it represents a condition that can be corrected with medical therapy in 3 quarters of cases. There are forms of congenital HH, whether or not associated with an absent sense of smell (anosmic HH or Kallmann syndrome, and normosmic HH, respectively), and forms of acquired HH. In congenital HH, complete absence of pubertal development is characteristic. On the other hand, if the deficit occurs after the time of pubertal development, as in acquired HH patients, infertility and typical symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism are the main reasons for seeking medical assistance. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or gonadotropin replacement therapy is the mainstay of drug therapy and offers excellent results, although a small but significant proportion of patients do not achieve sufficient responses.
Humans ; Hypogonadism/drug therapy* ; Male ; Azoospermia/drug therapy* ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic use* ; Kallmann Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Hormone Replacement Therapy

Androgens play an important role in prostate cancer development and progression. Androgen action is mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent DNA-binding transcription factor. AR is arguably the most important target for prostate cancer treatment. Current USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved AR inhibitors target the ligand-binding domain (LBD) and have exhibited efficacy in prostate cancer patients, particularly when used in combination with androgen deprivation therapy. Unfortunately, patients treated with the currently approved AR-targeting agents develop resistance and relapse with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The major mechanism leading to CRPC involves reactivation of AR signaling mainly through AR gene amplification, mutation, and/or splice variants. To effectively inhibit the reactivated AR signaling, new approaches to target AR are being actively explored. These new approaches include novel small molecule inhibitors targeting various domains of AR and agents that can degrade AR. The present review provides a summary of the existing FDA-approved AR antagonists and the current development of some of the AR targeting agents.
Humans ; Male ; Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use* ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects*

Azoospermia, defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate, is a well-documented consequence of exogenous testosterone (ET) and anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. These agents suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, leading to reduced intratesticular testosterone levels and impaired spermatogenesis. This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying azoospermia and outlines therapeutic strategies for recovery. Azoospermia is categorized into pretesticular, testicular, and post-testicular types, with a focus on personalized treatment approaches based on the degree of HPG axis suppression and baseline testicular function. Key strategies include discontinuing ET and monitoring for spontaneous recovery, particularly in patients with shorter durations of ET use. For cases of persistent azoospermia, gonadotropins (human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as clomiphene citrate, are recommended, either alone or in combination. The global increase in exogenous testosterone use, including testosterone replacement therapy and AAS, underscores the need for improved management of associated azoospermia, which can be temporary or permanent depending on individual factors and the type of testosterone used. Additionally, the manuscript discusses preventive strategies, such as transitioning to short-acting testosterone formulations or incorporating low-dose hCG to preserve fertility during ET therapy. While guidelines for managing testosterone-related azoospermia remain limited, emerging research indicates the potential efficacy of hormonal stimulation therapies. However, there is a notable lack of well-structured, controlled, and long-term studies addressing the management of azoospermia related to exogenous testosterone use, highlighting the need for such studies to inform evidence-based recommendations.
Humans ; Azoospermia/therapy* ; Male ; Testosterone/therapeutic use* ; Anabolic Agents/adverse effects* ; Clomiphene/therapeutic use* ; Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use* ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/therapeutic use* ; Spermatogenesis/drug effects* ; Androgens/adverse effects*

Testosterone affects several organs in the body and is very important for male well-being. Aging men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) experience physiologic, psychiatric, and sexual symptoms related to a decline in the serum concentration of testosterone with age. However, it is well-known that the extent of the decline in testosterone concentration does not correlate with the severity of LOH-related symptoms. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose and treat patients with LOH. In addition, the symptoms, response to testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), and medical insurance coverage differ among ethnicities and countries. The evaluation of testosterone is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of LOH. The effects of testosterone are determined not only by the serum testosterone concentration but also by the androgen receptor sensitivity. A low number of glutamine repeats is indicative of high androgenic activity, and the number shows ethnicity-related differences (fewer in African American than in Caucasian people and more in East Asian people). The diagnosis of LOH is typically made using subjective symptoms and the serum testosterone concentration. The Aging Male Symptoms scale is widely used to evaluate the symptoms. The normal range of total testosterone concentration varies around the world; therefore, clinicians should follow the guidelines of their regional academic society. The principal treatment for LOH is TRT. There are many types of TRT and other treatment strategies are also available. Thus, physicians should treat LOH according to each patient's situation, considering related disorders, such as diabetes, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and depression.
Humans ; Male ; Hypogonadism/drug therapy* ; Testosterone/blood* ; Hormone Replacement Therapy/methods* ; Japan ; Age of Onset ; Aging ; Aged ; Androgens/therapeutic use*

Lymphomas represent one of the most common malignant diseases in young men and an important issue is how treatments will affect their reproductive health. It has been hypothesized that chemotherapies, similarly to environmental chemicals, may alter the spermatogenic epigenome. Here, we report the genomic and epigenomic profiling of the sperm DNA from a 31-year-old Hodgkin lymphoma patient who faced recurrent spontaneous miscarriages in his couple 11-26 months after receiving chemotherapy with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD). In order to capture the potential deleterious impact of the ABVD treatment on mutational and methylation changes, we compared sperm DNA before and 26 months after chemotherapy with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). The WGS analysis identified 403 variants following ABVD treatment, including 28 linked to genes crucial for embryogenesis. However, none were found in coding regions, indicating no impact of chemotherapy on protein function. The RRBS analysis identified 99 high-quality differentially methylated regions (hqDMRs) for which methylation status changed upon chemotherapy. Those hqDRMs were associated with 87 differentially methylated genes, among which 14 are known to be important or expressed during embryo development. While no variants were detected in coding regions, promoter regions of several genes potentially important for embryo development contained variants or displayed an altered methylated status. These might in turn modify the corresponding gene expression and thus affect their function during key stages of embryogenesis, leading to potential developmental disorders or miscarriages.
Humans ; Male ; Hodgkin Disease/drug therapy* ; Adult ; DNA Methylation/drug effects* ; Bleomycin/therapeutic use* ; Spermatozoa/metabolism* ; Vinblastine/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use* ; Abortion, Habitual/genetics* ; Doxorubicin/therapeutic use* ; Dacarbazine/therapeutic use* ; Female ; Pregnancy

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide. Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the standard treatment for localized prostate cancer, but the procedure often results in postoperative erectile dysfunction (ED). The poor efficacy of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors after surgery highlights the need to develop new therapies to enhance cavernous nerve regeneration and improve the erectile function of these patients. In the present study, we aimed to examine the potential of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in preserving erectile function in cavernous nerve injury (CNI) mice. We found that HB-EGF expression was reduced significantly on the 1 st day after CNI in penile tissue. Ex vivo and in vitro studies showed that HB-EGF promotes major pelvic ganglion neurite sprouting and neuro-2a (N2a) cell migration. In vivo studies showed that exogenous HB-EGF treatment significantly restored the erectile function of CNI mice to 86.9% of sham levels. Immunofluorescence staining showed that mural and neuronal cells were preserved by inducing cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production. Western blot analysis showed that HB-EGF upregulated protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and neurotrophic factor expression. Overall, HB-EGF is a major promising therapeutic agent for treating ED in postoperative RP.
Animals ; Male ; Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor/therapeutic use* ; Erectile Dysfunction/etiology* ; Mice ; Penis/drug effects* ; Nerve Regeneration/drug effects* ; Penile Erection/drug effects* ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries/drug therapy* ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Cell Movement/drug effects* ; Prostatectomy/adverse effects* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism*

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can negatively affect sexual function, and only a minority of patients report sexual activity. We reviewed the existing literature regarding the proportion of men who remained sexually active during and after ADT. The PubMed database was searched for studies published over the past 20 years. We selected and reviewed randomized clinical trials that provided sexual function data at baseline and during and after ADT. The primary outcome measure was the sexual function. Studies assessed sexual function using quality of life patient-reported outcome measures, which included sexual potency/activity evaluation. Information from 2947 patients was analyzed in this review. The median age of patients was 70 years. At baseline, a median of 49.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49.1%-50.7%) of the patients reported being sexually active. At 6 months, 12 months, and 2 years or later of ADT treatment, a median of 10.3% (95% CI: 10.2%-10.5%), 8.9% (95% CI: 8.6%-9.2%), and 8.3% (95% CI: 8.2%-8.5%) of the patients reported being sexually active, respectively. Considering that half of the patients were sexually active at baseline, it seems probable that more than 10% of the patients who were sexually active before starting ADT remained sexually active when undergoing ADT. In conclusion, despite the common belief that ADT eliminates sexual activity, this analysis found that approximately 1 in 10 men are sexually active when on ADT, and this proportion is likely increased in men who are sexually active before starting ADT. Attention to sexual activity should not be dismissed in men on ADT.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use* ; Sexual Behavior/drug effects* ; Quality of Life ; Aged

Despite surgical advancements, erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common consequence of radical prostatectomy (RP). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of early penile rehabilitation within a dedicated penile rehabilitation program on assisted and unassisted erectile function (EF) recovery. All patients who underwent RP and at least 1 year follow-up at penile rehabilitation program in the Department of Urology, OORR Policlinico Riuniti (Foggia, Italy) were included. Treatment involved phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is; tadalafil 20 mg, 1 tablet every other day), intracavernous injections (Caverject 5 µg, 1 vial per week), and daily use of vacuum erection devices (VEDs). Primary end point was EF recovery defined as International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) ≥21 with or without rehabilitation aids. IIEF-5 and prescribed treatments were prospectively collected at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Among 570 eligible patients, 397 (69.6%) underwent rehabilitation. Patients who undergoing andro-rehabilitation were younger (65 months vs 70 months; P < 0.0001), had lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (5.9 ng ml -1 vs 6.2 ng ml -1 ; P = 0.04), and lower grade tumors ( P = 0.001) compared to the patients who did not undergo sexual rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy. Two-year EF recovery rates in patients undergoing andro-rehabilitation ranged from 75% (preoperative IIEF-5 >16) to 45% (preoperative IIEF-5 <16) with rehabilitation aids. Combination treatments (PDE5I+VEDs with or without intracavernous injections) showed the highest rates of EF recovery (up to 80% at 2 years). EF recovery without rehabilitation aids was significantly higher for patients with IIEF-5 >21 (IIEF-5 >21 [36%] vs IIEF-5 of 17-21 [18%]; P = 0.01). Subanalysis indicated a moderate benefit of rehabilitation in patients with preoperative IIEF-5 <16 who underwent bilateral nerve-sparing RP. Participation in intensive penile rehabilitation programs improves EF recovery in patients undergoing RP. Preserving the neurovascular bundles may be beneficial for patients with preoperative ED.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatectomy/rehabilitation* ; Middle Aged ; Erectile Dysfunction/drug therapy* ; Aged ; Recovery of Function ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects* ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Penile Erection ; Tadalafil/therapeutic use* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome