ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of 21 respiratory pathogens in influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Jing’an District, Shanghai in 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. MethodsData of1 907 ILI cases at four sentinel hospitals in Jing’an District were collected from January to December 2024. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and tested for 21 respiratory pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used for data analyses. ResultsAmong the 1 907 ILI cases, 1 340 were tested positive (70.27%), including 1 160 (60.83%) virus-positive cases, 424 (22.23%) bacteria-positive cases , and 86 (4.51%) positive cases of other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia). The top five viruses by detection rate were: influenza virus (14.84%), SARS-CoV-2 (14.47%), rhinovirus (12.69%), adenovirus (7.08%), and parainfluenza virus (6.71%). The top two bacteria by detection rate were Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.47%) and Haemophilus influenzae (10.33%). Among other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia), Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed the highest detection rate (4.30%). In terms of age distribution, statistically significant differences were observed in the detection rates of SARS-CoV-2, Legionella, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (P<0.05), with the highest rates found in individuals aged 65 years and above. Statistically significant differences were also found in the detection rates of rhinovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, common coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, bocavirus, parainfluenza virus, human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among different age groups (P<0.05), all showing the highest detection rates in the 0‒<15 years age group. In terms of seasonal distribution, SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed epidemic peaks in summer; rhinovirus, common coronavirus, bocavirus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae had higher detection rates in autumn. Influenza virus exhibited a peak incidence during winter, while human metapenu-movirus peaked in winter and spring. Significant differences in co-infection detection rates were observed among age groups, with the rate in children aged 0‒<15 years (34.81%) being the highest. The co-infection detection rate was higher in males than in females (P=0.019). Both the single-pathogen detection rate and the co-infection detection rate (P<0.001) varied significantly across seasons: the single-pathogen detection rate was highest in winter (62.06%), while the co-infection detection rate peaked in summer (31.20%) and was lowest in winter (14.52%). ConclusionBased on detection rates, the main pathogens in the ILI population of Jing’an District, Shanghai, 2024 were influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, common coronavirus, enterovirus, Human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pathogen detection rates varied by age and season. Coinfection rates were much higher in children than in adults, higher in males than in females, and peaked in summer while being lowest in winter.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of the Wulao Qisun prescription on pathological new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis （AS）. MethodsSynovial fibroblasts were isolated from the hip joints of AS patients and observed under a microscope to assess cell morphology. The cells were identified using immunofluorescence staining. The isolated AS fibroblasts were divided into blank group， low drug-containing serum group， medium drug-containing serum group， high drug-containing serum group， and positive drug group. After drug intervention， cell proliferation was measured using the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay to observe fibroblast growth and determine the optimal intervention time. Alkaline phosphatase （ALP） activity was measured using the alkaline phosphatase assay. Protein expression of osteocalcin （OCN）， osteopontin （OPN）， and runt-related transcription factor 2 （Runx2） was detected by Western blot. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt5a， β-catenin， and Dickkopf-1 （DKK-1） were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultsCompared with the blank group， each drug-containing serum group of Wulao Qisun prescription and the positive drug group inhibited the proliferation of AS fibroblasts and reduced ALP expression （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the low drug-containing serum group of Wulao Qisun prescription downregulated β-catenin mRNA expression （P<0.05）. The medium and high drug-containing serum groups and the positive drug group significantly downregulated Wnt5a and β-catenin mRNA expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the positive drug group showing the most pronounced effect （P<0.01）. The high drug-containing serum group and the positive drug group significantly upregulated DKK-1 mRNA expression （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the low drug-containing serum group of Wulao Qisun prescription inhibited the expression of OPN and Runx2 proteins （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the medium and high drug-containing serum groups and the positive drug group inhibited the expression of OCN， OPN， and Runx2 proteins （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe Wulao Qisun prescription can inhibit the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of AS fibroblasts， thereby delaying the formation of pathological new bone in AS. The possible mechanism involves the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin-related gene expression， further inhibiting the transcription of downstream target genes.

BackgroundMany studies have shown that patients with depressive disorder show impairments in prospective memory， while it is deemed necessary for facilitating their social reintegration， and the current research findings are inconsistent regarding the factors affecting prospective memory of patients with depressive disorder. ObjectiveTo explore the impact of target characteristics （emotional valence and salience） on prospective memory in patients with depressive disorder， so as to provide references for the training and recovery of prospective memory function in these patients. MethodsFrom January to December 2022， 53 patients with depressive disorder were recruited from the outpatient department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Mental Health Center. Meanwhile， 45 healthy individuals were concurrently recruited from surrounding communities as control group. An experiment with a 2 （participant type： depressive disorder， healthy control） ×2 （target salience： salient， non-salient） ×3 （emotional valence： positive， neutral， negative） factorial design was conducted. The positive/neutral/negative emotional pictures from Chinese Affective Picture System （CAPS） were used for emotional stimulation. A dual-task experimental paradigm was adopted， and the response time and accuracy in prospective memory task and ongoing task were recorded for participants with different target characteristics. Results①In the prospective memory task， the main effect of participant type was statistically significant， with the depressive group showing lower accuracy （F=14.892， P<0.01） and longer response time （F=10.642， P=0.002） compared with control group. ② The main effect of target emotional valence on accuracy （F=7.575， P=0.001） and response time （F=3.196， P=0.044） in the prospective memory task was statistically significant. Simple effect analysis revealed that depressive group yielded a shorter response time and higher accuracy rate under negative conditions compared with positive and neutral conditions （P<0.05 or 0.01）. ③ The main effect of target salience on accuracy （F=6.659， P=0.012） and response time （F=10.106， P=0.002） in the prospective memory task was also statistically significant， with higher accuracy and shorter response time for salient targets compared with non-salient targets. ConclusionPatients with depressive disorder demonstrate preferential attention to and processing of negative stimuli in prospective memory tasks， while increasing target salience may facilitate spontaneous processing of prospective memory task in patients with depressive disorder. ［Funded by Inner Mongolia Health Commission Medical Health Science and Technology Project （number， 202202104）］

Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is one of the major challenges in drug development and clinical practice,and effective prevention and con-trol measures remain lacking.Research has shown that DILI is primarily mediated by immune respons-es.Human leukocyte antigen(HLA)alleles are cur-rently the strongest genetic factors reported to be associated with DILI.Due to the low positive predic-tive value of HLA alleles,preemptive HLA genetic screening has limited clinical utility in preventing DILI.However,its high negative predictive value makes it valuable for DILI diagnosis and causality assessment.In recent years,polymorphisms in im-mune-related genes-such as those involved in anti-gen processing and presentation pathways,T-cell receptors,immunostimulatory molecules,and cyto-kines-have been found to be associated with DILI.Future studies combining these genes with HLA analysis may provide deeper mechanistic insights into DILI and facilitate their translational applica-tion in clinical practice,ultimately improving drug safety.

AIM: To analyze the influencing factors of capsular constriction syndrome(CCS)in cataract patients after phacoemulsification(Phaco)combined with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation.METHODS: Retrospective study. The data of 2 900 cataract patients(2 900 eyes)in our hospital's information system from January 2021 to January 2024 were collected. All patients were treated with Phaco combined with IOL implantation, and the incidence of CCS within 30 wk after surgery was recorded. Patients were categorized into CCS(116 cases, 116 eyes)and N-CCS group(2 784 cases, 2 784 eyes)based on the occurrence of CCS. The basic data of the two groups were compared, and the influencing factors of CCS within 30 wk after Phaco combined with IOL implantation in cataract patients were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression.RESULTS: Among 2 900 patients(2 900 eyes)included, 116 cataract patients(116 eyes)developed CCS within 30 wk after Phaco combined with IOL implantation, with an incidence rate of 4.00%. The single factor and multi-factor Logistic regression analysis showed that the complicated diabetes, high myopia, complicated glaucoma, and axial length(AL)>30 mm were the risk factors for the occurrence of CCS after Phaco IOL implantation in cataract patients(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Attention should be paid to cataract patients with diabetes, high myopia, glaucoma and AL>30 mm, which will increase the risk of CCS within 30 wk after Phaco combined with IOL implantation in cataract patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different concentrations of Shaoyaotang-containing serum on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced inflammation of human colorectal adenocarcinoma （Caco-2） cells by inhibiting apoptosis via activating the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） receptor superfamily member 6 （Fas）/Fas ligand （FasL） pathway. MethodsCaco-2 cells were allocated into blank， model （LPS， 10 mg·L^-1）， Shaoyaotang-containing serum （5%， 10%， 15%， 20%）， and Fas inhibitor （KR-33493， 20 mmol·L^-1） groups. Except the blank group， the other groups were stimulated with 10 mg·L^-1 LPS for 24 h for the modeling of inflammation. After successful modeling， the blank， Fas inhibitor， and model groups were treated with blank serum， and the Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups were treated with the serum samples at corresponding concentrations for 24 h. The Fas inhibitor group was subjected to KR-33493 pretreatment for 1 h. Cell proliferation and viability were examined by the cell-counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method. The levels of interleukin （IL）-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase （Caspase）-3， Caspase-9， B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） were determined by Western blot and Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， respectively. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group presented a decrease in cell survival rate （P<0.01）. Compared with that in the model group， the cell survival rate showed no significant change in the 5% Shaoyaotang-containing serum group but increased in the 10%， 15%， and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups （P<0.01）. Since there was no statistical difference between the 5% Shaoyaotang-containing serum group and the model group， 10%， 15%， and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing sera were selected for the follow-up study. Compared with the blank group， the model group showed risen levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.01）， an increased apoptosis rate （P<0.01）， up-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax （P<0.01）， and down-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Fas inhibitor group and the 10%， 15%， and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups showed declined levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.01）， decreased apoptosis rates （P<0.01）， down-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and up-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In addition， the 15% and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups had lower levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.05， P<0.01）， lower apoptosis rates （P<0.05， P<0.01）， lower protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and higher protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） than the 10% Shaoyaotang-containing serum group. ConclusionThe Shaoyaotang-containing serum can reduce the content of inflammatory factors in Caco-2 cells， down-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax， and up-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 under the intervention of LPS by regulating the Fas/FasL pathway and inhibiting the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different concentrations of Shaoyaotang-containing serum on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced inflammation of human colorectal adenocarcinoma （Caco-2） cells by inhibiting apoptosis via activating the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） receptor superfamily member 6 （Fas）/Fas ligand （FasL） pathway. MethodsCaco-2 cells were allocated into blank， model （LPS， 10 mg·L^-1）， Shaoyaotang-containing serum （5%， 10%， 15%， 20%）， and Fas inhibitor （KR-33493， 20 mmol·L^-1） groups. Except the blank group， the other groups were stimulated with 10 mg·L^-1 LPS for 24 h for the modeling of inflammation. After successful modeling， the blank， Fas inhibitor， and model groups were treated with blank serum， and the Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups were treated with the serum samples at corresponding concentrations for 24 h. The Fas inhibitor group was subjected to KR-33493 pretreatment for 1 h. Cell proliferation and viability were examined by the cell-counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method. The levels of interleukin （IL）-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase （Caspase）-3， Caspase-9， B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） were determined by Western blot and Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， respectively. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group presented a decrease in cell survival rate （P<0.01）. Compared with that in the model group， the cell survival rate showed no significant change in the 5% Shaoyaotang-containing serum group but increased in the 10%， 15%， and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups （P<0.01）. Since there was no statistical difference between the 5% Shaoyaotang-containing serum group and the model group， 10%， 15%， and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing sera were selected for the follow-up study. Compared with the blank group， the model group showed risen levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.01）， an increased apoptosis rate （P<0.01）， up-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax （P<0.01）， and down-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Fas inhibitor group and the 10%， 15%， and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups showed declined levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.01）， decreased apoptosis rates （P<0.01）， down-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and up-regulated protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In addition， the 15% and 20% Shaoyaotang-containing serum groups had lower levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.05， P<0.01）， lower apoptosis rates （P<0.05， P<0.01）， lower protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and higher protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） than the 10% Shaoyaotang-containing serum group. ConclusionThe Shaoyaotang-containing serum can reduce the content of inflammatory factors in Caco-2 cells， down-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of Fas， FasL， Caspase-3， Caspase-9， and Bax， and up-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 under the intervention of LPS by regulating the Fas/FasL pathway and inhibiting the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis.

Recently, diffusion models have emerged as a promising paradigm for molecular design and optimization. However, most diffusion-based molecular generative models focus on modeling 2D graphs or 3D geometries, with limited research on molecular sequence diffusion models. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) names are more akin to chemical natural language than the Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) for organic compounds. In this work, we apply an IUPAC-guided conditional diffusion model to facilitate molecular editing from chemical natural language to chemical language (SMILES) and explore whether the pre-trained generative performance of diffusion models can be transferred to chemical natural language. We propose DiffIUPAC, a controllable molecular editing diffusion model that converts IUPAC names to SMILES strings. Evaluation results demonstrate that our model outperforms existing methods and successfully captures the semantic rules of both chemical languages. Chemical space and scaffold analysis show that the model can generate similar compounds with diverse scaffolds within the specified constraints. Additionally, to illustrate the model's applicability in drug design, we conducted case studies in functional group editing, analogue design and linker design.

BackgroundThe functional changes of the default mode network （DMN） are closely related to the onset of major depressive disorders. However， the relationship between the DMN subsystem （core subsystem， dorsomedial prefrontal cortex subsystem， medial temporal lobe subsystem） and symptoms of first-episode major depressive disorder remains unclear. ObjectiveTo investigate abnormal functional connectivity between DMN subsystems and the whole brain in first-episode major depressive disorder patients during the resting-state， and to analyse the correlations between these functional connectivity patterns and clinical symptoms， so as to reveal the potential neural mechanisms from the perspective of DMN subsystem. MethodsFrom September 2020 to September 2023， a total of 64 first-episode outpatients and inpatients meeting the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fourth edition （DSM-IV） were enrolled at the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center as the study group. During the same period， 54 healthy volunteers matched for age， gender， and years of education were recruited from the community as the control group. Both groups were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale-24 item （HAMD-24）. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance images （rs-fMRI） of the two groups were acquired using a Siemens 3.0 T scanner， and differences in functional connectivity between DMN subsystems （core subsystem， dorsomedial prefrontal cortex subsystem， medial temporal lobe subsystem） and the whole brain were compared. The functional connectivity values of brain regions with statistically significant differences between the two groups were extracted. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis was used to investigate the correlation between these functional connectivity values and HAMD-24 scores of the study group. ResultsUltimately， 46 patients and 43 controls completed the study. Compared with the control group， the study group exhibited significantly stronger functional connectivity in the following pathways： between the right superior parietal lobule （core subsystem） and right cerebellar lobule VIII （t=3.954， P<0.05， GRF-corrected）， between the right lateral temporal cortex （dorsomedial prefrontal cortex subsystem） and right cerebellar lobule VIII， right and left hippocampi， right medial， and paracingulate gyrus （t=4.595， 4.208， 5.200， 4.038， P<0.05， GRF-corrected）， and between the temporoparietal junction （dorsomedial prefrontal cortex subsystem） and left lingual gyrus and right cerebellar lobule VIII （t=3.557， 4.274， P<0.05， GRF-corrected）. Conversely， weaker functional connectivity was observed between the right inferior frontal gyrus and left gyrus rectus （t=-3.824， P<0.05， GRF-corrected）. Furthermore， within the study group， the functional connectivity values between the right lateral temporal cortex and right hippocampus， as well as between the temporoparietal junction and right cerebellar lobule VIII， were both negatively correlated with the HAMD-24 cognitive impairment factor score （r=-0.306， -0.318， P<0.05）. ConclusionIncreased functional connectivity between the DMN （specifically its core and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex subsystems） and cerebellum， partial limbic system， and lingual gyrus may be associated with the neuropathology of first-episode major depressive disorder. Furthermore， alterations in functional connectivity between the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex subsystem and both the cerebellum and hippocampus in these patients may be related to cognitive function. ［Funded by 2019 Annual Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation Project （number， 2019MS03038）； 2023 Annual Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation Project （number， 2023MS08028）］

The oropouche virus (OROV) poses a threat to pregnant women and fetuses, potentially causing fetal neurological defects and even stillbirth, which has caused global attention. OROV is an arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Orthobunyavirus genus in the Bunyavirales order, primarily transmitted by arthropods and causing oropouche fever. This article reviews the etiological characteristics, epidemiological distribution, clinical symptoms, detection methods, and prevention strategies of OROV. OROV is prevalent in Central and South America, with a sharp increase in cases reported in Brazil in 2024. The virus's symptoms resemble those of several other arthropod-borne viral diseases, which can lead to misdiagnosis. Currently, there are no specific drugs or vaccines available, and treatment is mainly supportive. Culicoides paraensis and Culex quinquefasciatus are among the significant vectors of OROV. Furthermore, the article analyzes the distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus in China, highlights the risk of imported cases, proposes targeted prevention and control strategies, and underscores the significance of international cooperation in disease prevention and control.