Though cells are easily damaged and performed metabolic disorders in freezing-thawing process, cryoprotectant can relief the injure, which is widely used in the field of cell frozen biology. As one of osmotic cryoprotectants, in freezing process, proline can penetrate through cell membrane quickly, bind intracellular water hydrogen bonds, inhibit formation of ice crystals at low temperatures, protect structure and function of proteins and cell membranes. It can increase the survival rate in plant cells, animal cells and human somatic cells post freezing-thawing. In germ cell cryopreservation, studies have shown that proline can be used for oocyte cryopreservation, which can improve the survival rate of mouse oocytes after cryopreservation and protect mitochondrial function. However, the reports about the cryopreservation efficiency of proline on sperm are not consistent. By improving the efficiency of cryopreservation in various kinds of cells, proline may be more widely used in the area of cell freezing biology in the future. This paper summarizes the research progress of proline as a natural small molecule cryoprotectant, hoping to help people better understand the cryobiological mechanism of germ cell cryopreservation, and provide a reference for improving fertility cryopreservation technology.

Though cells are easily damaged and performed metabolic disorders in freezing-thawing process, cryoprotectant can relief the injure, which is widely used in the field of cell frozen biology. As one of osmotic cryoprotectants, in freezing process, proline can penetrate through cell membrane quickly, bind intracellular water hydrogen bonds, inhibit formation of ice crystals at low temperatures, protect structure and function of proteins and cell membranes. It can increase the survival rate in plant cells, animal cells and human somatic cells post freezing-thawing. In germ cell cryopreservation, studies have shown that proline can be used for oocyte cryopreservation, which can improve the survival rate of mouse oocytes after cryopreservation and protect mitochondrial function. However, the reports about the cryopreservation efficiency of proline on sperm are not consistent. By improving the efficiency of cryopreservation in various kinds of cells, proline may be more widely used in the area of cell freezing biology in the future. This paper summarizes the research progress of proline as a natural small molecule cryoprotectant, hoping to help people better understand the cryobiological mechanism of germ cell cryopreservation, and provide a reference for improving fertility cryopreservation technology.

through observation recorded source, type, the affairs occupying nurses when the interruptions occurred, results, years of experience and start-stop time. Results Total 702 interruptions had been observed, reasons accounting for interruptions:surgeons (23.1%,162/702) and circumstances (16.7%,117/702);the major type: intrusion (39.7%,279/702); the affairs occupying nurses when the interruptions occurred:sterile operation(19.2%,135/702) and equipment inventory(14.7%,103/702); the major result: negative (84.6%,594/702). Conclusions There is a high level frequency of interruption events, intraoperative workflows need to be well designed to reduce unnecessary interruptions.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-fat diet on fatty acid metabolism in liver and insulin sensitivity in aged rats and to explore the mechanisms of insulin resistance associated with aging. Methods Male Wistar rats aged 22-24 months were randomly divided into old control (OC) group and high-fat diet (HF) group. Male Wistar rats aged 4-5 months were selected as young control (YC) group. The rats in OC and YC were fed with basic diet, and the rats in HF group received high fat diet. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique. Extracted liver triglyceride was measured by an automated biochemistry analyzer. Results (1) Compared with YC group, fasting blood glucose(FBG), fasting insulin(FINS) and free fatty acid were increased in OC group and were increased significantly in HF group. Triglyceride(TG) and total cholesterol(TC) levels were also elevated in HF group. (2) Compared with YC group, glucose infusion rate (GIR) was reduced in OC group and was decreased significantly in HF group. GIR was lower at the end of the 8th week than that at the end of the 4th week in HF group. (3) Compared with YC group, liver triglyceride was increased in OC group and was increased significantly in HF group. Liver triglyceride was negatively correlated with GIR, and positively correlated with FBG. Conclusions Compared with young rats, abnormal fatty acid metabolism and insulin resistance always exist in aged rats. High-fat feeding results in a significant increase in lipid content in liver and more serious insulin resistance in aged rats. Lipid accumulation in liver may contribute to insulin resistance associated with aging and high-fat diet.

A lot of functions of mitofusin 2 have been found,such as promoting mitochondria fusion,inhibiting cell proliferation and protecting cell avoid of apoptosis.Now,more and more evidence suggest that it is involved in insulin resistance.

65% of many the Mao clean.Do contrast of clean the effect.RESULTS The Mao content is higher of many the Mao clean a product to clean effect an obvious good to content opposite and lower of; Apparatus in time processing of under the circumstance hydration meaning be not big. CONCLUSIONS The choice of exactitude clean a product,is assurance the apparatus clean quality and disinfect put out germ effect of importance factor.