The discovery of streptomycin in 1943 marked a new era in plague treatment. Over the subsequent eight decades, significant advances have been made through the implementation of various antibiotics, both as monotherapy and in combination regimens. These treatments have included aminoglycosides (such as streptomycin and gentamicin), tetracyclines, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, quinolones, and beta-lactams, which have dramatically cut down the death rate from plague infections. However, due to bacterial adaptation mechanisms, Yersinia pestis can develop diminished sensitivity or resistance to certain antibiotics. This article examines the resistance mechanisms of Yersinia pestis and analyzes antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and resistance in plague treatment, aiming to provide scientific evidence for clinicians to understand the current status of traditional and new antibiotics in plague treatment and improve the treatment level of plague patients.

Objective To examine the mechanism by which the HDAC3-Akt signaling pathway regulates the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells.Methods Rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells(rVSMCs)were subjected to various treatments,in-cluding DMSO(control),RGFP966(HDAC3 inhibitor),Flag(control for gene intervention),HDAC3 overexpression,and HDAC3 overexpression combined with Akt inhibitor MK2206.The5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EdU)assay and thecell counting assay were used to detect the proliferative capacity of cells in each group.The expression level of PCNA,p-H3,Akt and p-Akt in each group were examined by Western blotting.Results Compared with the control group(DMSO),the expression levels of p-Akt,PCNA,and p-H3 in the RGFP966 inhibitor group were significantly decreased(all P＜0.05).Concurrently,both the cell counting and EdU assays demonstrated a reduction in proliferation in the RGFP966-treated group compared to the DMSO group(both P＜0.05).In contrast,the HDAC3 overexpression group exhibited a significant increase in the expression levels of p-Akt,PCNA,and p-H3 compared to the Flag group(all P＜0.05).Cell counting assay and EdU assay showed that the prolifera-tion level in the HDAC3 overexpression group was elevated compared with the Flag group(both P＜0.05).Akt inhibitor MK2206 could reversed this effect induced by HDAC3 overexpression.Conclusion HDAC3 can effectively promote the prolif-eration of aortic smooth muscle cells,which might be mediated through Akt signaling pathway.

The plague is a infectious disease of natural focus. The occurrence of animal plague is a complex biological phenomenon, which is affected by many factors such as hosts, vectors, geographical landscapes, climate, human activities and so on. Its epidemiological patterns exhibit spatial and temporal characteristics. Therefore, the plague monitoring and early warning has always been the key to plague prevention and control, and remains a current research hotspot. In recent years, with the advancement of spatial epidemiology technology, it has been increasingly applied in plague prevention and control, and has made remarkable achievements in exploring the spatio-temporal relationships, influencing factors, monitoring and early warning of the plague. This article provides an overview of specific applications of spatial epidemiological methods in four areas, including spatial visualization of plague outbreaks, aggregation analysis, exploration of influencing factors, risk prediction and early warning. It aims to offer insights for the plague prevention and control personnel to better understand the suddenness and complexity of the plague from the perspective of spatial epidemiology, to uncover the epidemiological patterns of the plague, and to provide a reference for precise plague prevention and control.

The plague is a infectious disease of natural focus. The occurrence of animal plague is a complex biological phenomenon, which is affected by many factors such as hosts, vectors, geographical landscapes, climate, human activities and so on. Its epidemiological patterns exhibit spatial and temporal characteristics. Therefore, the plague monitoring and early warning has always been the key to plague prevention and control, and remains a current research hotspot. In recent years, with the advancement of spatial epidemiology technology, it has been increasingly applied in plague prevention and control, and has made remarkable achievements in exploring the spatio-temporal relationships, influencing factors, monitoring and early warning of the plague. This article provides an overview of specific applications of spatial epidemiological methods in four areas, including spatial visualization of plague outbreaks, aggregation analysis, exploration of influencing factors, risk prediction and early warning. It aims to offer insights for the plague prevention and control personnel to better understand the suddenness and complexity of the plague from the perspective of spatial epidemiology, to uncover the epidemiological patterns of the plague, and to provide a reference for precise plague prevention and control.

The discovery of streptomycin in 1943 marked a new era in plague treatment. Over the subsequent eight decades, significant advances have been made through the implementation of various antibiotics, both as monotherapy and in combination regimens. These treatments have included aminoglycosides (such as streptomycin and gentamicin), tetracyclines, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, quinolones, and beta-lactams, which have dramatically cut down the death rate from plague infections. However, due to bacterial adaptation mechanisms, Yersinia pestis can develop diminished sensitivity or resistance to certain antibiotics. This article examines the resistance mechanisms of Yersinia pestis and analyzes antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and resistance in plague treatment, aiming to provide scientific evidence for clinicians to understand the current status of traditional and new antibiotics in plague treatment and improve the treatment level of plague patients.

Objective To examine the mechanism by which the HDAC3-Akt signaling pathway regulates the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells.Methods Rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells(rVSMCs)were subjected to various treatments,in-cluding DMSO(control),RGFP966(HDAC3 inhibitor),Flag(control for gene intervention),HDAC3 overexpression,and HDAC3 overexpression combined with Akt inhibitor MK2206.The5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EdU)assay and thecell counting assay were used to detect the proliferative capacity of cells in each group.The expression level of PCNA,p-H3,Akt and p-Akt in each group were examined by Western blotting.Results Compared with the control group(DMSO),the expression levels of p-Akt,PCNA,and p-H3 in the RGFP966 inhibitor group were significantly decreased(all P＜0.05).Concurrently,both the cell counting and EdU assays demonstrated a reduction in proliferation in the RGFP966-treated group compared to the DMSO group(both P＜0.05).In contrast,the HDAC3 overexpression group exhibited a significant increase in the expression levels of p-Akt,PCNA,and p-H3 compared to the Flag group(all P＜0.05).Cell counting assay and EdU assay showed that the prolifera-tion level in the HDAC3 overexpression group was elevated compared with the Flag group(both P＜0.05).Akt inhibitor MK2206 could reversed this effect induced by HDAC3 overexpression.Conclusion HDAC3 can effectively promote the prolif-eration of aortic smooth muscle cells,which might be mediated through Akt signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the expression patterns of SMG family members and aortic dissection by comparing the expression levels of SMGs in aortic wall of patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection(AD) and normal controls.Methods:The aortic wall samples were collected from 31 normal controls and 65 patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection. The mRNA levels of SMGs in the aortic wall were quantified by RT-PCR, and the correlations between SMGs and aortic diameters of patients with aortic dissection were analyzed.Results:The results of RT-PCR showed that compared with normal aortic wall, the mRNA levels of SMG3(0.642±0.529 vs. 1.126±0.858, P=0.023), SMG6(0.737±0.652 vs. 1.877±1.902, P=0.005), and SMG7(0.624±0.449 vs. 1.339±0.866, P=0.00067) were obviously increased in aortic wall of patients with aortic dissection, while comparable mRNA levels of SMG1, SMG2, SMG4, SMG5, SMG8 and SMG9 were detected between these two groups. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the expression levels of SMG3, SMG6, SMG7 and aortic diameters. Conclusion:The expression levels of SMG3, SMG6 and SMG7mRNA were significantly increased in patients with aortic dissection, suggesting that they may promote the occurrence of aortic dissection, and targeting SMG family members expected to a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of aortic dissection.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) for treatment of patients with resistant hypertension.Methods English and Chinese literatures of controlled clinical trials on RSD in treatment of resistant hypertension were searched from the Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,Wanfang Database and CNKI up to February 2013.Metaanalysis was performed with the selected studies by using software Rev.Man 5.0.Results Seven studies involving 354 cases with RSD and 146 controls were included for analysis.Compared with control group,RSD significantly lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension (systolic,1 month:MD =-18.04,95％ CI:-19.94--16.14,P ＜0.01; 3 months:MD =0.01,95％CI:-28.10--17.98,P＜0.01; 6 months:MD=-25.59,95％CI:-34.08--17.11,P＜0.01; diastolic,1 month:MD=-7.53,95％ CI:-8.60--6.45,P＜0.01; 3 months:MD =0.01,95％CI:-12.5--4.47,P ＜ 0.01; 6 months:MD =-10.54,95％ CI:-16.44--4.63,P =0.000 5).In addition,there was no significant difference in adverse reactions between RSD treatment group and control group (OR =1.13,95 ％ CI:0.34-3.76,P =0.84).Conclusions Renal sympathetic denervation can effectively reduce blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension 1-6 months postoperatively,without increase of adverse reactions.The long-term efficacy and safety need to be further observed.