Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human growth and development. It is crucial for neural development in fetuses and newborns in the early postnatal period, including neural migration, glial differentiation, and myelin formation in the central nervous system. Mothers must consume sufficient iodine during pregnancy to maintain fetal growth and development. However, the results of current researches on the potential effects of maternal iodine intake imbalance during pregnancy on offspring iodine nutrition, neurological and physical development are not completely consistant. This article reviews the research in recent years on the effects of maternal iodine intake imbalance during pregnancy on the iodine nutrition and development of offspring, aiming to provide scientific basis for improving offspring development from the perspective of maternal iodine nutrition.

With the comprehensive implementation of prevention and control measures for endemic fluorosis and endemic arsenicosis in China, and in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended drinking water standards and the Chinese standards of allowable daily fluoride intake and limit values of arsenic content in drinking water, Chinese residents have entered the era of low-dose fluoride and arsenic exposure. However, there have been few studies focused on the long-term health effects of exposure to low-dose fluoride and arsenic both domestically and internationally. Further more, study on non-target organs of fluoride and arsenic has been neglected. The conclusions are also inconsistent, and there is an urgent need for systematic study to clarify them. Accordingly, this paper proposes to establish a cohort of people exposed to low-dose fluoride and arsenic, systematically carry out study on the long-term health effects and mechanisms of low-dose fluoride and arsenic exposure, and promote China's prevention and control experience to the "the Belt and Road" countries, in order to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control strategies and measures for endemic fluorosis and endemic arsenicosis under the new situation in China.

Over the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China through implementation of the 12th and the 13th Five-Year National Plans for Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases and the Three-Year Action Plan for Special Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases. Based on the latest monitoring data of endemic diseases and the evaluation results of the control and elimination of endemic diseases of the 13th Five-Year Plan, this paper analyzed current main problems in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China, focusing on implementation of prevention and control measures for iodine deficiency disorders, endemic fluorosis, and endemic arsenicosis, as well as the treatment and management of patients. Accordingly, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from three aspects, including prevention and control mechanism, implementation of prevention and control measures, and scientific research, so as to provide scientific basis for the country and various regions to consolidate the achievements of prevention and control of endemic diseases and accurately implement the prevention and control measures of endemic diseases.

Objective:To analyze the global epidemic data of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the prevention and control measures, learn about the epidemic characteristics, development trend and the main factors affecting the prevention and control effect, and provide reference for scientific prevention and control of COVID-19.Methods:The data of COVID-19 mainly came from the WHO website and the websites of the United States, European and other Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the statistical time was from the beginning of the epidemic in each country to March 31, 2022). The epidemiological characteristics and trends in the world and major countries were analyzed, and the main factors affecting the prevention and control of the epidemic were studied. SPSS19.0 software was used to collate data and statistical analysis.Results:The worldwide cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 reached 1 million on April 2, 2020, 10 million cases on June 28, 2020, 100 million cases on January 25, 2021, 200 million cases on August 3, 2021, 300 million cases on January 6, 2022, 400 million cases on February 8, 2022, 489 million cases on March 31, 2022. From January 2020 to March 31, 2022, the interval between each additional 100 million cases was gradually shortened (about 360 days from the beginning of the epidemic to the increase to 100 million, the average time to increase from 100 million to 200 million, from 200 million to 300 million was 170 days, and the number of confirmed cases increased from 300 million to 400 million was only 33 days), the epidemic had accelerated. The worldwide cumulative number of death case was 100 000 on April 9, 2020, 1 million on September 19, 2020, 5 million on October 31, 2021, and 6.14 million on March 31, 2022. From January to October 2021, the average time interval for an increase of 1 million deaths was 97 days. After October, the growth rate decreased, averaging 121 days. At the end of 2021, affected by the Omicron mutation, the number of infected people worldwide increased sharply. By March 31, 2022, the cumulative number of confirmed cases in all continents was Europe (181 million), Asia (141 million), North America (94.67 million), South America (56.09 million), Africa (11.55 million) and Oceania (5.58 million) from high to low. The cumulative deaths from high to low was Europe (1.77 million), North America (1.42 million), Asia (1.41 million), South America (1.28 million), Africa (0.25 million) and Oceania (8 900). The top 5 countries with cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 were the United States (80.14 million), India (43.03 million), Brazil (29.98 million), France (25.82 million) and the United Kingdom (21.28 million). The top five countries with accumulated deaths were the United States (980 000), Brazil (660 000), India (520 000), the United Kingdom (160 000) and France (140 000).Conclusions:COVID-19 is a global public health emergency. The epidemic has spread worldwide with strong infectivity, rapid transmission and great harm. It is suggested to focus on the prevention and control of key links, strengthen the early warning mechanism, continue to take scientific public health prevention and control measures such as vaccination, reduce severe case and death and deal with an ongoing challenge.

Objective:To study the effect of iodine excess on antioxidant capacity and blood lipid in adult.Methods:A survey was conducted in areas with different iodine nutrition levels in Shandong and Shanxi provinces to collect fasting morning urine and venous blood samples of adults. Urinary iodine, serum levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total cholesterol (TCHO), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and apolipoprotein B (apoB), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined. According to the median urinary iodine of the population in the investigated village, they were divided into appropriate iodine group (100-299 μg/L) and iodine excess group (≥300 μg/L) . Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the effects of iodine nutrition and other factors on oxidative stress indexes and blood lipids. Partial correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between iodine nutrition and oxidative stress indexes and blood lipids.Results:A total of 1 049 subjects were included, including 471 in the appropriate iodine group and 578 in the iodine excess group. The median (quartile) urinary iodine of the appropriate iodine group and the iodine excess group was 228.70 (157.02, 341.49) and 558.73 (298.06, 985.06) μg/L, respectively. The serum SOD level of the appropriate iodine group and the iodine excess group was 12.60 (10.83, 14.10) and 11.29 (9.18, 13.10) U/ml, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant ( U = 92 697.50, P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences in serum TG, HDL-C and apoB levels between the appropriate iodine group and the iodine excess group ( U = 108 879.50, 96 613.50, 99 050.50, P < 0.05). The results of multiple linear regression showed that after excluding age, gender and body mass index (BMI), there was a negative correlation between iodine nutrition and serum SOD and HDL-C levels [standard regression coefficient ( β) = - 0.196, - 0.294, P < 0.001]. Partial correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between iodine nutrition and serum SOD and HDL-C levels [correlation coefficient ( r) = - 0.16, - 0.09, P < 0.05]. Conclusion:Excessive iodine intake affects oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in human body.

Objective:To construct an entrustable professional activities (EPAs) assessment framework for undergraduate medical students suited to the national conditions in China.Methods:The Delphi method was used to construct an EPAs assessment framework for medical undergraduates. Twenty-one clinical experts across China were invited to participate in two rounds of Delphi consultation.Results:All the 21 experts completed the two rounds of Delphi consultation. The effective questionnaire response rates of the two rounds of consultation were 100.0% (21/21). For the first-round expert consultation, the W values of importance and feasibility scores of EPAs were 0.182 and 0.173 (both P<0.05), respectively. For the second-round expert consultation, the W values of importance and feasibility scores of EPAs were 0.167 and 0.152 (both P<0.05), respectively. According to the second-round Delphi consultation, the importance and feasibility scores of all 14 EPAs indicators were >3.5 points, with the coefficients of variation <0.25 points. We preliminarily established 12 EPAs indicators and 42 key assessment points and determined the expected entrustment levels of each EPA at different stages for medical undergraduates. Conclusion:This study preliminarily constructed an EPAs assessment framework for medical undergraduates, which provides a new evaluation method for the cultivation of medical undergraduates in China.

The standardization of endemic diseases in China has made steady progress during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period. This article mainly summarized the current endemic diseases standard system, analyzed the major problems existed in the current endemic diseases standard, and introduced the key tasks of the "14th Five-Year Plan" of the endemic diseases standard in China. During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, the work of endemic diseases standardization will be carried out in a targeted manner in accordance with the requirements of the "Planning of Health Standardization during the ′14th Five-Year Plan′ Period" of the National Health Commission, to establish an endemic diseases standard system suitable for China's economic and social development, to help eradicate poverty and consolidate and implement the rural revitalization strategy, promote the full realization of the goal of eliminating endemic diseases in the "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)".

Drinking brick-tea type of endemic fluorosis is a kind of chronic fluorosis caused by excessive intake of fluoride into the body from long-term and high consumption of brick-tea, milk tea, butter tea, or other tea drinks with high fluoride content. It mainly distributes in seven western provinces of China, including Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Sichuan Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. In order to govern the production and sale of brick-tea and control the epidemic of drinking brick-tea type of endemic fluorosis, the former Ministry of Health of China issued the national standard "Fluoride Content of Brick-tea" (GB 19965-2005) in 2005, which stipulated that the total amount of water-soluble inorganic fluorine in brick-tea should not exceed 300 mg/kg. In the past 20 years, the prevalence of drinking brick-tea type of endemic fluorosis in China became clear gradually, and the habit of drinking brick-tea of residents in the epidemic fluorosis area also changed to some extent. In this paper, the dose-effect relationship between fluoride intake from brick-tea and skeletal fluorosis is reviewed, the brick-tea consumption of residents in the endemic fluorosis areas is analyzed, and the safety risk of brick-tea fluoride exposure is evaluated. It is suggested that the fluoride limit of brick-tea, ≤300 mg/kg, is still suitable for the prevention and control of drinking brick-tea type of endemic fluorosis in China at the present stage.

In the past 10 years, remarkable progress has been made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China through implementation of the National Plan for Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases during the "12th Five Year Plan" and the "13th Five Year Plan" and the Three-year Action Plan for Tackling Key Problems in Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases. Based on analysis of the monitoring data of endemic diseases in China for 10 consecutive years, this paper summarized the progress made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China, discussed the main problems faced at present, and put forward key tasks of prevention and control of the diseases in the future.

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, remarkable progress has been made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China through implementation of the national plan for prevention and control of endemic diseases and the special three-year action plan for prevention and control of endemic diseases. This paper reviewed the achievements made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, discussed the current problems we are facing on prevention and control of endemic diseases. The key tasks of prevention and control of endemic diseases during the 14th Five-Year Plan period are indicated in order to carry out scientific and accurate prevention and control of endemic diseases.