Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of loss to follow-up (LTFU) among tuberculosis (TB) patients in Indonesia and to identify associated factors. Methods: This study analyzed data from the 2022 Tuberculosis Information System in Indonesia. A total of 71,665 drug-sensitive TB patients were included in the analysis. Age, sex,employment status, diagnosis type, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, diabetesmellitus, TB type, mode of treatment, treatment standard, referral status, and type of residence.Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests, followed by multivariable logistic regression to identify confounder-adjusted independent predictors of LTFU. Results: The prevalence of LTFU was 18.4%. A higher likelihood of LTFU was observed amongolder adults aged ≥65 years (adjusted-prevalence-odds-ratio [aPOR], 1.862), men (aPOR, 1.187), unemployed individuals (aPOR, 1.136), non-referred patients (aPOR, 1.547), patients with HIV (aPOR, 3.712), and those obtaining TB drugs out of pocket (aPOR, 4.998). The strongest predictorwas receipt of non-standard treatment, which was associated with a markedly increasedlikelihood of LTFU (aPOR, 26.912). In contrast, rural residence demonstrated a protective association (aPOR, 0.610). All associations were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study highlights a substantial burden of LTFU among TB patients in Indonesia,with nearly one in five patients discontinuing treatment. Multiple sociodemographic and clinical factors—particularly non-standard treatment, non-referral status, and HIV co-infection—were strongly associated with LTFU, underscoring gaps in the TB care continuum.These findings emphasize the need for targeted, patient-centered interventions, strengthenedreferral pathways, improved communication, and enhanced care coordination to reduce LTFU in high-risk groups.

Cockroaches are one of the potential vectors on spreading disease and health problems for humans by contaminating foods, ingredients, or food storage. Cause of their habit and life in an unsanitary place, they can carry human pathogens in their body and contaminated. This review aims to know the types and prevalence of human pathogens carried by cockroaches in the food-related environment and discuss the possibility of human pathogens carried by cockroaches that can cause foodborne diseases. This systematic review conforms to the PRISMA guidelines. The initial search was done from four health-related electronic databases (PubMed Central, EBSCOhost, Proquest, and Scopus) for relevant literature on pathogens that isolated from the cockroaches. There are 129 articles identified in the initial search database. After screening and eligibility process, eight articles were identified for this review. It was found that most of the cockroaches captured in/around food handling establishment and human habitation. Furthermore, around 23 species pathogens, predominantly bacteria, were identified from the cockroaches. This review showed that cockroaches carry many pathogens, which can cause severe infections in humans, such as foodborne diseases through contaminated food.

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is a global public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The aim of this review was to summarize some relevant studies that discuss the presence of rodents and the identification of Leptospira bacteria in rodents. This review also presents findings on the potential reassociation of the presence of rodents with Leptospira bacterial infections to leptospirosis cases in humans. A systematic review methodology used to minimize article selection bias that was likely to occur. During the initial search from three science databases (ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed), 119 articles were retrieved. During the screening process, three articles were excluded due to duplication, 101 articles were excluded based on title and abstract incompatibility with the inclusion criteria, five articles were excluded due to incompatibility of article content with the inclusion criteria, and two articles were excluded because of the ineligibility with the study. In the final screening process, eight articles were chosen to be analyzed. This review found that the presence of rodents infected with Leptospira had the potential to cause leptospirosis in humans through contaminated water and soil or by direct human-to-human contact. The lead factors in the transmission of leptospirosis infection from rodents to humans are activities that take place in wetlands and rice fields, forestry work, and farming activities.