Drug addiction, a disorder characterized by chronic relapse and compulsive drug use, poses a significant threat to public safety and human health. Addictive substances can be categorized as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their origin. Additionally, they can be classified into three groups according to their pharmacological targets: opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids that act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs); alcohols, nicotine, ketamine, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines (BDZs) that affect ligand-gated ion channel-type receptors; and psychostimulants that interact with monoamine transporters. Current treatments for drug addiction primarily include substitution therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. However, these methods have limitations, particularly in addressing the underlying causes of relapse. Several drugs in clinical trials have demonstrated potential therapeutic effects for addiction to opioids, heroin, cocaine, and other substances. This review examines the origins and pharmacological mechanisms of addiction to naturally-derived psychoactive substances (NPS) and provides an overview of recent advancements in pharmacotherapy for drug addiction.
Humans ; Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy* ; Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use* ; Animals

Objective:To compare the laboratory diagnostic methods of Mycoplasma pneumonia(MP) and evaluate its clinical value.Methods:A prospective study.Throat swabs and double sera of children with MP infection were collected from December 2016 to January 2017 in Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University; throat swab samples of healthy children aged 3 to 5 in Chaoyang District, Beijing were collected from March to May 2017.Passive agglutination (PA) was used to detect the double serum.Taking the 4-fold increase or decrease of the specific antibody titer of the double serum as the gold standard, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn, and the laboratory methods for detecting MP infection were compared and evaluated.Results:(1)A total of 93 children with MP infection were clinically diagnosed, including 42 males (45.2%) and 51 females (54.8%), with an average age of 5.5 years.Sixty cases (64.5%) of MP infection were diagnosed.There were 349 healthy children, 198 males and 151 females, with an average age of 4.3 years.The positive rate of throat swab culture was 0.6% (2 cases), and the positive rate of fluorescent quantitative PCR(qPCR) was 18.9% (66 cases). (2) The culture specificity was the highest (100.0%) and the sensitivity was the lowest (65.0%). PA and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect a single serum in the acute phase, the sensitivity was 71.7% and 86.5% respectively.ROC curve suggested that the current clinical diagnostic threshold MP specific antibody IgM ≥ 1∶160 was not the best diagnostic threshold.Molecular biological diagnostic methods were the most sensitive, RNA simultaneous and testing (SAT) was 85.0% and qPCR was 93.0%; while the specificity was low, 75.7% (SAT) and 63.6% (qPCR), respectively.(3) At the same time, MP nucleic acid (SAT, PCR) of throat swabs and a single serum (ELISA, PA) of children in acute phase were detected, the sensitivity was increased to 95.0%-100.0%, and the specificity was 63.6%-75.7%.Conclusions:Molecular biology is highly sensitive in diagnosing MP infection.It has asymptomatic infection or is carried after infection.Whether it needs treatment needs to be combined with clinical practice, when MP detection is positive.The detection of a single serum in the acute phase with a course of about 1 week has high sensitivity and is of reference value for the diagnosis of MP infection, but the diagnosis needs to be combined with clinical practice.The sensitivity and accuracy of detecting MP infection by single serological test combined with SAT in acute phase are higher than that by single application.

Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers induced vasodilation. Triclosan, the broad spectrum antibacterial agent, is the active ingredient in soaps and toothpastes. It was reported that triclosan induced mitochondrial uncoupling, so we aim to investigate the effects of triclosan on vascular function of rat mesenteric arteries and aorta. The isometric tension of rat mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta was recorded by multi-wire myograph system. The cytosolic [Ca], mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential of smooth muscle cells (A10 cells) were measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Triclosan treatment relaxed phenylephrine (PE)- and high K(KPSS)-induced constriction, and pre-treatment with triclosan inhibited PE- and KPSS-induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. In rat thoracic aorta, triclosan also relaxed PE- and KPSS-induced constriction. Triclosan induces vasorelaxation without involving Kchannel activation in smooth muscle cells of arteries. Triclosan treatment increased cytosolic [Ca], mitochondrial ROS production and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential in A10 cells. In conclusion, triclosan induces mitochondrial uncoupling in vascular smooth muscle cells and relaxes the constricted rat mesenteric arteries and aorta of rats. The present results suggest that triclosan would indicate vasodilation effect if absorbed excessively.

Mitochondria are morphologically dynamic organelles which undergo fission and fusion processes. Our previous study found that arterial constriction was always accompanied by increased mitochondrial fission in smooth muscle cells, whereas inhibition of mitochondrial fission in smooth muscle cells was associated with arterial relaxation. Here, we used the typical vasorelaxants, verapamil and phentolamine, to further confirm the coupling between arterial constriction and mitochondrial fission in rat aorta. Results showed that phentolamine but not verapamil induced vasorelaxation in phenylephrine (PE)-induced rat thoracic aorta constriction. Verapamil, but not phentolamine, induced vasorelaxation in high K(KPSS)-induced rat thoracic aorta constriction. Pre-treatment with phentolamine prevented PE- but not KPSS-induced aorta constriction and pre-treatment with verapamil prevented both PE- and KPSS-induced aorta constriction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that verapamil but not phentolamine inhibited KPSS-induced excessive mitochondrial fission in aortic smooth muscle cells, and verapamil prevented both PE- and KPSS-induced excessive mitochondrial fission in aortic smooth muscle cells. Verapamil inhibited KPSS-induced excessive mitochondrial fission in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (A10). These results further demonstrate that arterial relaxation is coupled to inhibition of mitochondrial fission in arterial smooth muscle cells.

Objective To investigate the relationship between job burnout and psychological health diathesis of the senior medical workers in Tianjin.Methods 263 medical workers were tested by Psychological Health Diathesis Scale (PHDS) and Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory (CMB[).Results (1) Total detection rate of burnout was 69.3％.Detection rate of mild burnout was 43.0％,moderate 20.2％,and severe 6.1％.(2) Explain rate of self-concept and emotionality to the job burnout was 31.5％.Conclusion Job burnout is prevalent in the senior medical workers in Tianjin.Emotionality,interpersonal diathesis and self-concept,to some extent,can forecast job burnout.

BACKGROUND:Researchers have done much work to investigate semantic priming with event-related potentials (ERPs) method. The ERPs component of N400 is of great importance in this research domain. N400 is a negative wave occurs at about 400 ms after the stimulus onset. It has been accepted that N400 represents the processing of semantic information. In many studies, amplitude of N400 could be reduced by semantic priming. Relatively, ERPs studies on phonological priming, especially by auditory stimuli, deserve to be further investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the EPR characteristics of semantic and phonological priming with spoken two-character Chinese words, and also to testify theories about auditory word recognition.DESIGN: Repeated measurement experiment.SETTING: Center for Psychology and Behavior Studies, Tianjin Normal University. PARTICIPANTS: This experiment was carried out between August and October 2003 in Tianjin Normal University. Seventeen healthy college students (8 male and 9 female, age ranging from 19 to 23 years) with no hearing defect were involved in this experiment. All of them were Chinese native speakers. All except one male participant were right handed. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from all the participants.METHODS: In the study, lexical dicision task which required participants was used to judge if the latter words were real words or pseudowords in the auditorily presented word-pairs by pressing buttons. The stimuli materials were 640 two-character word-pairs including semantic related, initial phonological overlap, final phonological overlap, phonological and semantic unrelated and word-pseudoword (control) conditions. These five kinds of word-pairs presented randomly in the experiment. The presentation of stimuli and recording of behavioral data were realized by STIM software. The error rate and mean reaction time (RT) of reaction of subjects were calculated under four experimental conditions. The word-pseudoword items were not included in the analysis (just served as fillers). EEG were recorded referring to linked mastoids with Scan 4.3 software made by Neuroscan company in America. Participants wore the Quick-Cap32 electrode cap (International 10/20 System). EEG data were amplified and acquired with a sampling rate of 500 Hz. Offline exclusion of occular artifacts was done on the acquired continuous EEG data after experiment. Then the EEG data were segmented to epochs of 1 700 ms, each epoch was time-locked to the onset of target stimulus with a 200 ms pre-target baseline. Then the operation of baseline (with a 200ms pre-target baseline), artifact rejection (epochs with amplitude exceeded the range of -100 μV to +100 μV were rejected) and average were realized. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Error rate, reaction time and caused N400 waveform change of target words under different experimental conditions.RESULTS: Data from 17 subjects were involved in the final analysis. The error rate of subjects under semantic related condition was lower (P＜ 0.05) while RT was shorter (P＜ 0.01) than that under phonological and semantic unrelated condition. The error rates of subjects under initial phonological overlap and final phonological over lap conditions were higher than that under phonological and semantic unrelated condition (P ＜ 0.01). The error reactions were discarded and the mean value of RT under 4 conditions (semantic related, initial phonological overlap, final phonological overlap and phonological and semantic unrelated) were 830 ms, 891 ms, 864 ms and 903 ms, respectively. There were significant differences of error rate and RT between semantic related and phonological and semantic unrelated conditions (P ＜ 0.01). Error rate and RT under final phonological overlap condition were significantly different from those under initial phonological overlap and phonological and semantic unrelated conditions (P ＜ 0.01). Since the largest amplitude of N400 occurred at FCZ electrode, FCZ was chosen for analyzing the effects under four different experimental conditions. The LSD multiple comparison showed that amplitude under control condition was significantly higher than that under semantic related condition (P ＜ 0.01). Latency under the control condition was the longest, then decreased gradually according to the sequence of semantic related, final phonological overlap and initial phonological overlap condition. As the results of LSD multiple comparison revealed, initial phonological overlap condition had a tendency of shortened latency, with significant difference when compared with control condition (P ＜ 0.05). Another five electrodes were selected besides FCZ standing for anterior, parietal, posterior, left and right brain area in order to investigate the scalp distribution difference of N400 under different experimental conditions. Two factors repeated measured ANOVA (Analysis of variance) was carried out for amplitude analysis, with different experimental conditions (4 levels) as the first factor and electrode positions (6 levels) as the second factor. The main effect of electrode positions was significant [F(5,80)= 13.376, P =0.000]. Among the chosen electrodes, FCZ had the largest amplitude (-7.946 μV), the second was CZ (-7.285 μV) and the other top-downsequence was FZ (-6.849 μV), PZ (-4.324 μV), T8 (-3.501 μV ) and T7 (-3.484 μV), respectively. Results of LSD multiple comparison revealed that the amplitude of FCZ was higher than all other electrodes but CZ. CONCLUSION: Two-character Chinese words presented auditorily in lexical decision task. Semantic relationship can facilitate the recognition of target words, which is shown by lower error rate, shorter RT and decreased amplitude of N400 component. Phonological congruence between prime and target words has both facilitory and interferential effects on target words, which is shown by increased error rate, shorter RT and the tendency of decreasing N400 amplitude.Interferential effect of initial phonological overlap between prime and target words is stronger than that of final phonological overlap. This finding provides evidence for initial phonological information's special function during auditory word recognition which is supported by Cohort Theory. No evidence for the existence of separate intracranial sources of semantic priming and phonological priming has been found. However, Cohort Theory should be revised while applying to the recognition of two-character words of Chinese.

0.05);the bacterial clearance rates of the 2 group were 100%.No adverse effects were found in both groups.CONCLUSION:Pazufloxacin injection was effective and safe in the treatment of bacterial infections of respiratory system or urinary system

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of spectinomycin?minocycline?azithromycin and sparfloxacin to mycoplasma(Uu and Mh)and therapeutic effect of spectinomycin to my-coplasma infection in genitourinary tract.Methods①The susceptibility test:each of the4drugs was divided into two concentrations.One was at1?g/mL(sensitive concentration)and the other was at4?g/mL(resistant concentration).If mycoplasma does not grow in both concentrations,it means the drug tested is sensitive.If it grows in both concentrations,the drug tested is resistant.If mycoplasma grows in lower concentration and does not in higher concentration,it means moderate sensitive.②Treatment regimen:Spectinomycin was injected,2g/d IM,for7-10days as a course of treatmeant.Patients were followed-up7days later and2~4weeks after treatment.Results①Among1658specimens,519were found Uu positive,and61Mh positive.The resis-tance rates of Uu to4different drugs were:7.7%for minocycline,21.4%for sparfloxacin,13.9%for azithromycin and7.3%for spectinomycin.Whereas,those of Mh were:18.0%,45.9%,54.1%,and29.5%re-spectively.②The clinical effect of spectinomycin was:out of43treated patients,37(86.0%)cured,4(9.3%)markedly improved,2(4.7%)failed.Total effective rate was95.3%and so was the elimination rate of my-coplasma.Conclusion The resistant rate of mycoplasma to spectinomycin is lower than that to minocycline?azithromycin and sparfloxacin,and the former is widely used in the treatment of mycoplasma(especially Uu)infection,with a satisfactory clinical effect.