Background: The morphological characteristics of the alveolar bone thickness between the maxillary sinus and root ca nal tips of the premolars and molars is important for dental implant and orthodontic treatment. The hypotheses formulated were that there would be differences in the morphological characteristics of the alveolar bone at various tooth positions in the posterior maxilla and that age and sex would not influence the findings. This study may provide useful information for dental implant and mini-implant treatment, so as to help lead to successful treatment outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the vertical relationship between the maxillary sinus and molar teeth using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The study design was retrospective study. We selected 30 CBCT images that were taken in the Central Dental Hospital, Mongolian National University Medical Sciences (MNUMS), between 2021 and 2023. We collected all images according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used Full CBCT (16cm*8cm) images using the target sampling method. The all CBCT images (85kW, 7mA) were obtained with HDX, WILL (DENTRI, Seoul, Korea) using OnDemand3D (CyberMed. Seoul. Korea). The vertical relationship between the maxillary sinus and the maxillary molars was classified into 5 categories according to Kwak’s classification. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of MNUMS. Statistical analyses were done by IBM SPSS version 27 software. Results: A total of 202 maxillary premolars and molars were examined using CBCT images, and were taken in 30 patients. The patient group consisted of 12 men and 18 women with an average age of 26.87 years (range, 16–42 years). In the maxillary first premolars: Class I was 77.4%, Class II was 13.2%, Class V was 9.4%, Classes III and IV were not observed. In the maxillary second premolars: Class I was 44.8%, Class V was 37.9%, Class II was 17.2%. In the maxillary first molars: Class V was 62.3%, Class I was 24.4%, Class II was 6.7%, Class III was 4.4%, Class IV was 2.2%. In the maxillary second molars: Class V was 63.1%, Class I was 23.9%, Class II was 6.5%, Class III was 6.5%. When examining the distance from the apex of the root of the molars to the floor of the maxillary sinus, the distance between the root of the buccal side of the second molar was the smallest, 0.67±1.36mm, and the distance between the root of the first premolar was the furthest, 5.14±4.32mm (p<0.01). Conclusion Among the maxillary posterior teeth, the second molar was positioned closest to the floor of the maxillary sinus, whereas the first premolar was located at the greatest distance. Regarding the maxillary molars, Type V characterized by root protrusion into the floor of the maxillary sinus was the most frequently observed configuration. Conversely, for the premolars, Type I defined by a distinct separation from the sinus floor was the predominant anatomical relationship.

Background: Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome (PLS) is a rare genetic disorder, characterized by palmoplantar keratosis, aggressive periodontitis and premature edentulous primary and permanent dentition at a very young age. Additional symptoms and findings associated with PLS may include frequent pyogenic skin infections, abnormalities of the nails, and excessive perspiration. Case report The patient, who visited in the Central dental hospital was 3.6 years old. Pediatric dentist confirmed the diagnosis “PLS and chronic traumatic tongue ulcer” based on anamnesis and objective examination. Dental and tongue ulcer treatment was done once a week for 2 months. The recall system was carried out by 3 month intervals oral examination and 6 month intervals radiographic examinations under team of pediatric dentist, pediatrician and immunologist.

Background: In the revised ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) has been officially recognized as a distinct mental disorder. This condition is characterized by a grief reaction following the death of a close person that persists beyond the expected period (more than 12 months for adults in DSM-5-TR; more than 6 months in ICD-11), significantly impairing quality of life, social functioning, and psychological stability. To assist in the early detection and diagnosis of PGD, researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York developed the Prolonged Grief Disorder–13, revised (PG-13-R) self-report measure in 2020, based on the diagnostic criteria of ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Although this instrument has been translated and validated in several languages, no validated Mongolian version has been available, forming the rationale for this study. Aim: To examine the psychometric properties—including reliability and validity—of the Mongolian version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13, revised (PG-13-R) scale. Materials and Methods: Permission to use the PG-13-R was obtained from the original author (H.G. Prigerson) in November 2024. The study proposal and methods were reviewed and approved by the Academic Council of the University of Humanities (Approval No. A/19), adhering to ethical research guidelines. The translation process followed international recommendations, including forward translation, back-translation, and expert review by linguists. A pilot test was conducted to ensure clarity of each item. The main study included 442 participants (81.9% female; mean age = 41.8±12.4 years) who had experienced bereavement at least six months prior to participation. Results: The Mongolian version of the PG-13-R demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.92; McDonald’s ω = 0.93). The split-half correlation was r = 0.87, indicating high internal correlation. The test–retest reliability was strong, with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.82 (item ICCs ranging from 0.55 to 0.88), confirming temporal stability. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was 0.89, indicating good content validity. Regarding criterion and convergent validity, the Mongolian PG-13-R showed statistically significant negative correlations with the WHOQOL- BREF subdomains (physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment) and moderate positive correlations with HADS anxiety and depression scores, consistent with theoretical expectations. Factor analysis results indicated that the data were suitable for analysis (KMO=0.93; Bartlett’s test p<0.001). A single factor with eigenvalue >1 emerged, explaining 62.1% of the total variance, with factor loadings ranging from 0.63 to 0.87, consistent with the original structure. Conclusion The Mongolian version of the PG-13-R scale exhibited a stable one-factor structure and demonstrated strong reliability and validity. It is a psychometrically sound and effective tool for assessing prolonged grief among the Mongolian population.

Background: The capital city of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar is not only one of the coldest capitals in the world but has also become one of the most polluted cities in recent years due to the prolonged effects of severe cold. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most harmful air pollutant to human health is PM2.5. These fine particulate matters can penetrate the human body through the respiratory tract, causing various changes in the body and the oral cavity. Aim: Relationship between dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal status and PM2.5 air pollutant levels among 12 years old children in different areas of Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 190 children aged 12 years old, who were selected from high and low level areas with air pollutant PM2.5 in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. We obtained informed consent No.24-25/10-1 of the Ethical Committee, MNUMS. The oral examination of every child was done according to WHO recommendation (2013). We determined the prevalence of dental caries and mean DMFT score, and the prevalence of gingivitis, and CAL score. Statistical analysis was done by the SPSS 29 software. Results: The prevalence and mean DMF/t score of dental caries were 96% аnd 5.37±2.75 among children living in the high level area of the PM2.5 air pollutant; and 91% and 5.39±3.95 in the low level area, respectively (p<0.01). The prevalence of gingivitis was 23.2% among all children; 25.2% among children living in the high level area of the PM2.5 air pollutant and 20.5% in the low level area. The CAL score was 1.89±0.89 mm in the high polluted area and 1.94±0.77 mm in the low polluted area (p<0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis and the mean DMFT and CAL score among children living in air polluted areas were higher than low polluted areas.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, restricted patterns of behavior, and unusual sensory sensitivities. Symptoms of autism occur in some infants, while some children are diagnosed in 2-3 years. There was a direct and indirect relationship between the dental caries and the physical growth among children. The study purpose was to determine the oral health and the body growth status among children with Autism spectrum disorder. Methods: The study population consisted of 53 children, who were diagnosed as “ASD” and approved by psychiatrist between the age of 3-18. The dental examination was done under recommendation by WHO (2013) and oral hygiene index was calculated by FedorovVolodkina (1973). Body growth status was evaluated by Kaup and Rohrer’s index. The results of the study were processed using statistical Stata-21 software. Results: The prevalence of dental caries among all children with Autism spectrum disorder was 88.6% and mean DMFT score were 2.6±3.0 in the primary dentition, 6.1±3.8 in the mixed and 4.0±2.3 in the permanent dentition. Children with good oral hygiene index were 32% of all study population and poor were 68%. When we assessed the body growth status, normal weight children were 52.8%, overweight children were 18.9% and lower weight was 28.3% of all study poptulation. Conclusion We have found that the oral health and the body growth status among children with ASD were poor.

Oral health is an essential component of health throughout life. However, millions of individuals suffer from dental caries and periodontal disease, resulting in unnecessary pain, difficulty in chewing, swallowing and speaking, and increased medical costs. WDF and WHO were noticed that more than 200 diseases caused by the dental caries. Oral and dental health can be influenced by oral hygiene as well as dietary, biological and demographic factors, dental caries continue to affect a considerable proportion of young children in developing countries like Mongolia. Moreover, the distribution of disease levels shows an increasing polarization in urban areas of Mongolia, and a increase in dental caries scores has been noticed. In Mongolia, Oral health study results show that dramatic increase of caries among children as well as complications in adults in urban and rural areas of the country. Therefore we need the standard oral health survey, according to the recommendation by WHO, 2015. The aim of this study is to assess the oral health status in Mongolia. The objectives of this study were to determine the dental caries status, the periodontal status (gingivititis and dental calculus), the dental intervention urgency and the removable denture status of all study populations. The studied population comprised of 1754 subjects who were selected from 4 age groups and from 11 regions of Mongolia. We collected data about dentition status, gingival health, dental calculus, dental intervention urgency and denture status and compared to urban and rural regions. The prevalence of dental caries was 93.2% among all subjects in urban and 86.4% in rural. The mean dmft among 5 year olds were 6.4±4.5(Mean±SD) in urban and 4.3±4.2 in rural; among 12 year olds 2.6±2.1 and 2.3±2.1; 35-44 year olds 9.7±5.0 and 9.4±5.5; and among 65-74 year olds 21.7±7.2 and 18.9±8.9, by respectively (p<.000). The prevalence of gingivitis among all subjects was 22.8% in urban and 13.4% in rural (p<.000); and of dental calculus 19.1% and 24.6% (p<.000), respectively above groups. The status of intervention urgency among all subjects was30.6% of urban and 29.0% ofrural in the prompt treatment and 2.4% and7.0% in immediate treatment recommended (p<.000). The percent of people with removable denture among 65-74 year olds was higher than among 35-44 year olds (p<.000). The prevalence of dental caries and its complications were in the high level in Mongolia, so that most of elderly people had not own natural teeth. We are considered that we have to carry out preventive projects all over the Mongolia by the government supporting.

The most common oral disease is the dental caries, which is chronic transmissible, losing of hard tissue of teeth, and is very widespread in the world. The annual report of oral health survey of World Health Organization shows that 60-90% of population of developing countries was affected by dental caries. In the press review, the prevalence of dental caries and mean DMFt score among 18 years old were 74.4% and 4.04 in Mexico, 2009; 87.4% and 3.59 in Australia, 2003; and 88.9% and 7.15 in Japan, 1999. In Mongolia, the prevalence of dental caries and mean DMFt score among military students in 1987 were 83.3% and 3.7. There is a few studies among students of School of dentistry. Study population consisted of 115 students, who studied from 3rd to 5th course of School of Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Study was done by cross sectional study design from November to December, 2017. We checked up dental status of all students according to recommendation by WHO, 2013. The study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences and informed consent was obtained from all students (2017/3-04). The prevalence of dental caries among all students was 100% and mean dental caries score was 8.3±0.3 DMF/t, 3.7±0.3 D/t, 3.8±0.3 F/t, 0.8±0.1 M/t. When we assessed mean DMF/t score by student’s course, it was 8.5±0.5 among 3rd year students, 8.6±0.7 among 4th year and 7.9±0.5 among 5th year (p>0.05). Mean decayed teeth among 3rd, 4th, 5th course students were 4.5±0.5, 4.1±0.6 and 2.8±0.4, respectively (p<0.05). Mean filled teeth was 3.4±0.5, 3.5±0.6, 4.4±0.4 (p>0.05) and missed teeth was 0.7±0.2, 1.0±0.3, 0.7±0.2 (p>0.05) among students respectively above courses. All students, who participated in our study had dental caries and observed declining the number of decayed teeth during the study and the number of filled teeth was increasing.

Dental caries is prevent problem, not only Mongolia, but also world wide. According to World Health Organization’s report in 1976 the mean DMFT of 12 years old of Mongolian children was 1.48 and in 1990 was 2.6. According to Mongolian research studies, the prevalence of caries and mean DMFT children within the age range of 3-17 years old was 79.2% and 3.88 and in 3-5 years old children were 4.9 correspondingly. Several investigators have reported increasing caries rate among Mongolian children, especially those living in cities. The aim of this study to access dental caries status among preschool, children of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.The study covered 294 preschool children who were 3 - 5 years randomly selected from 2 kindergartens of Ulaanbaatar city. Design: Cross – sectional study, oral epidemiological survey based on World Нealth Organization methodology clinical examination.The caries prevalence of all preschool children was 85%. The caries prevalence in 3 years old children was 75.6%, in 4 years old, it was 85.78% in 5 years old, it was 93.8%. The caries prevalence was high among 5 years old children. The mean dmft score was 6.2±0.2 all children.Only 15% of the children were caries free. The caries prevalence of the preschool children was 85%, and the mean dmft (decayed, missing, filled tooth) were 6.2±0.2. The dental caries prevalence and mean dmft score among preschool children of Ulaanbaatar city were “VERY HIGH” stage which is determined by criteria World Health Organization.

Middle aortic coarctation (MAC), a variantof middle aortic syndrome, is a rare entity withonly ~200 cases described in the literature.It classically presents with early onset andrefractory hypertension, abdominal angina,and lower extremity claudication(1).A 30 years-old woman, Her systolic bloodpressure measures 180-200mm Hg and diastolicpressures measure 70mm Hg in both arms,lower extremity pressures are approximately70mm Hg. Her bilateral femoral pulses andpedal pulses are nonpalpable, but present onDoppler exam and CT-Angiography.We prepared diagnostic of CT-Angiographyand Aortography before operation. Wesuccessful operated abdominal aorticcoarctation by “Silver graft” Aortoaortic bypasson the middle aortic, left nephrectomy.She was discharged home on postoperativeday 7. Post operation is good. We werecontrolled CT-Angiography.

The aim of this study to assess relationship between the dental caries status and growth indices among 3-year-old children of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. The caries prevalence and mean dmft, dmfs score of all children were 94.3% and 8.3±4.8, 11.1±8.6 (p<0.01). The percent of high caries activity children of central kindergarten was higher than peripheral by 25,2% (p<0.01) and of high buffer capacity children was lower by 21,9%, respectively (p>0.05). Children with high salivary flow rate were 3.2% in central kindergarten and 0% in peripheral. The mean±SD of body weight (p<0.05) and height (p>0.05) of boys were 15.2±2.2kg and 97.0±6.0cm, of gils 15.9±1.9kg and 97.6±5.8cm, of caries free children 15.9±1.5kg аnd 97.0±5.4cm, and of children with caries 15.6±2.1kg and 97.4±5.4cm (p>0.05), respectively. Children of peripheral kindergarten were lower by 1,4kg and 3.4cm than central (p<0.001). There were the weak and negative correlation between dental caries and growth indices among 3-year-old children of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.