Introduction: Smoking causes hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and blockage of small arteries, which is a direct cause of morbidity and mortality from stroke and heart attack. This study was conducted to determine the risk of atherosclerosis-related diseases in male smokers. Goal: To determine the relationship between carotid artery stenosis in men and certain risk factors (age, smoking, blood pressure, and blood biochemical parameters). Material and Method: The study was conducted in a hospital-based case-control study design. It involved 140 men aged 40-60, smokers (n=70) in the case group, and non-smokers (n=70) in the control group. Result: When considering the average values of blood biochemical test parameters by age group, HDL levels were 1.50±0.33 mmol/l in the smoking group aged 40-49 and 1.30±0.29 mmol/l in the 50-60 age group (p<0.016), while in the non-smoking group (1.51±0.33, 1.37±0.34, p<0.05), which statistically significantly decreased with age. The mean blood triglyceride level was 1.36±0.54 mmol/L in men who smoked ≤10 cigarettes per day (n=36) and 1.75±0.77 mmol/L in men who smoked ≥10 cigarettes per day (n=34), which was statistically significant (p<0.006). When considering the parameters of atherosclerosis by age group, the average IMT in smokers was 0.59±0.09 mm in the 40-49 age group and 0.70±0.19 mm in the 50-60 age group (p<0.001), while in non-smokers it was (0.57±0.08 mm, 0.61±0.13 mm, p<0.004), indicating that the thickness of the vascular wall increased with age in both groups with statistical significance. Conclusion Carotid artery atherosclerosis is strongly age-related, and long-term smoking accelerates the process of atherosclerosis. Blood LDL levels decrease with age, especially in smokers, and they decrease more than in nonsmokers. People who smoke ≥10 cigarettes per day have higher blood LDL levels.

Introduction: In a worldwide, the mortality rate of non-communicable disease is approximately 41 million in each year which is equivalent to 74 percent of total mortality. In 2018, total of 19776 incidences per 10.000 populations were registered and in 2019, it increased to 26781 incidences which means by 7035 incidences and 26.3 percent among workers who work in railway staffs. Therefore, the risk factors for cardiovascular disease are likely to be high among the employees of the “Passenger depot of railway” organization, which has a long-term occupation. Goal: We aimed to study and evaluate risk factors of cardiovascular disease among staff at Passenger depot of Railway. Materials and Method: The study was conducted by using descriptive, cross sectional design and 303 staff was chosen by systematic random sampling method from total of 1380 staff at “Passenger depot of Railway”. After the participants were briefed on the purpose and significance of the survey, they were asked to participate in the survey at their own request, to explain that the information would be used only for research purposes, and to obtain consent and signatures from each individual. Moreover, data information was collected by questionnaires regarding risk factors of cardiovascular disorders and performing physical and laboratory examination. Using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts for 14 WHO epidemiological sub-regions (charts in color) 2014. That indicates 10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal major cardiovascular disease over the next 10 years in 140 participants more than 40 years old discovered. The table divides the WHO member countries into six regions and selects them based on which region they belong. Finally, statistical analysis of the survey results was performed using SPSS 26.0 software to determine the mean, standard deviation, and distribution percentages, determine the group differences, and test them for P values. Result : In the current study, total of 303 individuals aged between 20-56 years were included and the mean age was 37.8±8.9. Furthermore, 9.6% (n=29) were males, 90.4% (n=274) were females (p=0.017). When assessing the 5 common risk factors of cardiovascular disease, 36.6% of the participants reported smoking, 93.8% had inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, 81.2% did not perform high-intensity exercise, 51.2% were overweight and obese and 29.4% had high blood pressure. Interestingly, the determination of central obesity in normal BMI group and underweight group showed 86.1% of the normal BMI group had central obesity, while without abdominal obesity participants composed only 14.9% (p<0.003). Using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts indicate 10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal major cardiovascular disease over the next 10 years in 140 participants more than 40 years old discovered a majority of participants (97%) had a risk of less than 10%, whereas 2.3% of them had a risk of ranging 10-19% and 0.8% had a risk of 30-39%. Among the most common risk factors for cardiovascular disease, 88.1% had a combination of 3 or more risk factors and 11.9% had 1 or 2 risk factors. Unfortunately, there was no risk-free individuals. Conclusion
1. Common cardiovascular risk factors among employees of passenger wagon depot included inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, stress, overweight and obesity.
2. Employees of the “Passenger Wagon Depot” need to take certain measures in the future due to the fact that half of the year is spent on the road due to working conditions, sleep disturbance, not being able to eat healthy and it is not possible to follow a healthy lifestyle.

Introduction: It has been found that morphological changes of elastic and elastic-muscular arteries wall are the main role in elevation of systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) has been found that to be associated with cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. And according to national study of prevalence of risk factors on non-communicable disease, it found that risk of CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) is a high among Mongolian and one fifth has more than 3 risk factors of atherosclerosis. The researchers found that atherosclerosis begins relative in young people and endothelial dysfunction is without clinical signs of CVD among Mongolian. Purpose : To determine the atherosclerotic changes and associated with some risk factors of subjects with Isolated systolic hypertension. Materials and Methods: We used hospital-based cross-sectional study design. Data collection was conducted using questionnaire, body measurement, and laboratory methods. A standardized questionnaire was used according to the methodology from the “STEPs” Survey on the prevalence of Non-communicable disease and injury risk factors, body weight, height and blood pressure were measured by standard method. Results : In group with ISH, maximal IMT of CCA was 1.46±0.44mm, systolic diameter was 5.89±0.68mm, diastolic diameter was 6.34±0.73mm respectively which were significantly higher than normotensive group (1.21±0.28mm, 5.58±0.59mm, 5.99±0.58mm) (p<0.05). Furthermore we studied plaques of carotid artery, and atherosclerotic plaques were revealed in 69.2 percent of subjects with ISH which was significantly higher compared with normotensive subjects (p=0.003). And resistive, pulsative and stiffness indexes were significantly higher in group with ISH which represents vascular resistance of CCA. But end-diastolic velocity of CCA significantly reduced in group with ISH (p=0.015). We found that atherosclerotic index increases every year by 6.5 percent, every one mm Hg of systolic blood pressure by 3.7 percent and every year of increasing blood pressure by 10.5 percent respectively. Conclusion
1. Atherosclerotic changes were revealed more in subjects with ISH compared to subjects with normotensive.
2. Advancing age, long duration of smoking, a high level of systolic blood pressure, having a high systolic blood pressure level for a long time and high consumption of salt intake are accelerating atherosclerotic changes of carotid artery.
3. According to increasing atherosclerotic change, blood stream velocity of carotid artery is decreasing and resistive and pulsative indexes are increasing.