Background: Cimicifuga foetida L. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Ranunculaceae and is distributed in temperate regions of East and Central Asia. The plant has traditionally been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders. Phytochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of biologically active compounds, including triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. However, studies on the biologically active constituents and optimal extraction conditions of C. foetida growing under the environmental conditions of Mongolia remain limited. Aim: To identify selected biologically active compounds present in the aerial parts of Cimicifuga foetida L. and to determine the optimal conditions for extraction. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Cimicifuga foetida L., collected in August 2025 from the Gorkhi-Terelj area of Nalaikh District, were used as the study material. Biologically active compounds were identified by histochemical methods using potassium dichromate, ferric chloride, methylene blue, Lugol’s solution, Dragendorff’s reagent, and thymol–concentrated sulfuric acid reagent. Optimal extraction conditions were evaluated by extracting raw materials of 1, 2, and 3 mm particle sizes with 20–80% ethanol and determining the total polyphenol content using the Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. Maceration, an intensified maceration method using agitation, percolation, and ultrasound-assisted maceration were also compared. Result: Histochemical analysis showed positive reactions for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, starch, and polysaccharides, whereas the reaction for essential oils was negative. The highest total polyphenol content (0.742%) was observed in the extract prepared from 2 mm particle-size material using 60% ethanol, while the lowest content (0.03882%) was observed in the extract prepared from 3 mm particle-size material using 20% ethanol. Among the extraction methods evaluated, ultrasound-assisted maceration produced the highest extractable matter content (38.3 ± 0.66%). The yield of the concentrated extract obtained using 60% ethanol was 15%, with a total polyphenol content of 0.43325%. Conclusion 1. Positive histochemical reactions for phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as alkaloids, starch, and polysaccharides, were observed in the transverse sections of the stems of Cimicifuga foetida L., whereas the reaction for essential oils was negative. 2. The optimal extraction conditions for Cimicifuga foetida L. raw material were determined to be a particle size of 2 mm, extraction with 60% ethanol, and an ultrasound-assisted intensified maceration method.

Background: Numerous experimental and clinical studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., mainly attributing its biological activities to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and hepatoprotective effects. In particular, silymarin has been reported to exert hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, protecting cell membranes from certain toxic insults, and modulating protein synthesis. Therefore, cultivation of S. marianum and utilization of its seeds for industrial and research purposes are important for establishing a sustainable source of pharmacologically valuable bioactive compounds and increasing the availability of high-quality medicinal plant material. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of cultivating S. marianum from seeds and to determine seed germination, seedling growth and development, survival after transplantation to open-field conditions, phenological stages, and seed yield characteristics. Materials and Methods: Seeds of S. marianum were germinated under indoor conditions, and normally developed seedlings were subsequently raised in a greenhouse and transplanted to a cultivation site near Tamgan Öndör, Erdene sum, Töv Province, Mongolia. Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seedling growth based on morphometric parameters, and survival rate after transplantation were evaluated. At harvest, the number and diameter of capitula, seed weight per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per unit area were determined. Data were expressed as mean±SD, and statistical significance was evaluated at p < 0.05. Result: Of the 1,000 seeds sown, 852 germinated, resulting in a germination percentage of 85.2% and a mean germination time of 11 days. Under greenhouse conditions, plant height increased from 1.0 to 3.0 cm, while rosette diameter increased from 1.2 to 7.0 cm. Of the 452 seedlings transplanted to the open field, 353 survived, corresponding to a survival rate of 78.1%. The first flowering was observed on June 12, full flowering on July 9, and full seed maturation on August 30, with 175 days from sowing to seed maturity. On average, each plant produced 18 branches and 20 capitula, with a capitulum diameter of 4.4 cm, seed weight per plant of 15.5 g, 1000-seed weight of 11.5 g, and seed yield of 195.325 kg/ha. Conclusion S. marianum was able to germinate, establish, complete its major growth, flowering, and seed maturation stages, and produce seeds under the cultivation conditions of the Tamgan Öndör area, Erdene sum, Töv Province. These findings indicate that S. marianum can potentially be cultivated in this specific area as a source of medicinal plant material.

Background: In recent years, the research and utilization of natural products and medicinal plants have significantly increased worldwide, alongside efforts to integrate traditional medicine with modern medical practices. Approximately 1,100 medicinal plant species are found in Mongolia, including 32 species belonging to the Papaveraceae family. Among them, Papaver nudicaule L. is widely distributed across various phytogeographical regions of Mongolia. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat headaches, neuralgia, menstrual pain, dysentery, and gastrointestinal inflammation. However, studies on its chemical composition and biologically active constituents remain relatively limited. Therefore, investigating the phytochemical composition of this plant is essential for characterizing its medicinal raw materials and identifying its bioactive compounds. Aim: To investigate the phytochemical composition of the aerial parts of Papaver nudicaule L. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were collected during the full flowering stage and subjected to fractionation using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HSQC, COSY, and HMBC. Result: A total of 27 compounds were identified and characterized from the aerial parts of Papaver nudicaule L. using CPC and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Conclusion Twenty-seven compounds were identified from the aerial parts of Papaver nudicaule L., and their structures were elucidated. Among them, magnocurarine ((1R)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-ium-7-ol), norcoclaurine (S-norcoclaurine), N-methylcanadine ((S)-N-methylcanadine), canadine (N-methylchelianthifoline), luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), and dihydrocryptopine (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrocryptopine) were reported for the first time from this species.

Background: Maintaining the concentration of a drug in the blood at a therapeutic level is crucial for enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing adverse effects. Conventional dosage forms are rapidly absorbed, causing a quick rise in the drug concentration in the blood, but it soon declines. As a result, frequent dosing is required in chronic or acute conditions. This can lead to drug concentrations exceeding therapeutic levels, increasing toxicity, or failing to reach the required level. To address these limitations, drug delivery systems (DDS) have been intensively developed over the past few decades. Among these systems, microencapsulation technology enables targeted delivery of the drug within the body, maintains stability, controls release, improves bioavailability, reduces side effects, and protects the active pharmaceutical ingredient from degradation or elimination, delivering it specifically to the necessary tissues. These characteristics provided the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: Select a suitable polymer for microcapsule formation, develop a production technology using the emulsion solvent evaporation method, and evaluate certain morphological characteristics of the resulting microcapsules. Materials and Methods: The microcapsules were prepared using an O/W emulsion solvent evaporation method. Dichloromethane (DCM) was used as the solvent, and the wall materials were solutions of chitosan (2% w/v) and gelatin (5% w/v), which are polymers combining biodegradability and biocompatibility. These solutions were mixed in a total of eight different ratios and emulsified into an aqueous phase containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 1% w/v) using a high-speed homogenizer at 8000–10000 rpm to form the emulsion, followed by solvent evaporation. The resulting microcapsules were freeze-dried to obtain dry microcapsule forms. The morphology and surface structure of the microcapsules were characterized using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while their size and distribution were analyzed using the ImageJ software. Result: To determine the optimal wall material for the microcapsules, a total of eight formulation ratios were prepared, and the emulsion stability and viscosity were evaluated. Chitosan-dominant formulations (F1, F7, F8) exhibited excessively high viscosity and a tendency for the system to thicken, which reduced the uniformity and stability of the emulsion. In contrast, formulations with low or imbalanced gelatin content (F2, F3) failed to achieve complete emulsion stabilization and showed significant phase separation. The F5 formulation demonstrated the best stability, minimal phase separation, and appropriate viscosity, making it the optimal choice for microcapsule wall preparation. The chitosan-to-gelatin ratio of 1:2 (F5 formulation) was found to be the most suitable in terms of complete microcapsule formation, spherical shape, uniform surface, and proper viscosity. Microcapsules of the F5 formulation had an average diameter of 290±30 µm, were spherical, and maintained shape stability even after freeze-drying. A microcapsule preparation technology based on the emulsion method was developed experimentally, and the most suitable conditions were established. Conclusion 1. The results of the study indicated that a chitosan-to-gelatin ratio of 1:2 was the most suitable formulation for microcapsules in terms of complete formation, spherical shape, and uniform surface characteristics. 2. When the gelatin content increased, microcapsule morphology deteriorated and aggregation tendencies were observed, whereas higher chitosan content increased the viscosity of the solution, which affected the stability of the emulsion and resulted in non-uniform microcapsule sizes. 3. The 1:2 chitosan-gelatin ratio is therefore crucial for microcapsule preparation, and this wall composition can be applied in further studies involving drug-loaded microcapsules.

Background: The medicinal raw materials used under the name “Yumduujin” have been recorded under different names in ancient medical literature. In the Chinese classical text Illustrated Dictionary of Mongolian Medicine, the dried aerial parts of Aquilegia species belonging to the family Ranunculaceae are referred to as “Yumduujin” or “Sogoon em.” In another source, Dictionary for Correct Identification of Mongolian Medicines, the plant is described as growing in rock crevices, bluish-green in color, with rough leaves resembling small pods spreading along rocky surfaces. Thus, different plant species have historically been grouped and used under the single name “Yumduujin.” Aim: To comparatively investigate the historical sources of medicinal raw materials used under the name “Yumduujin.” Materials and Methods: Approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of MNUMS on November 25, 2025 (No. 25-25/03-01). Historical records and classical medical texts describing medicinal plants used under the name “Yumduujin” were used as primary research materials. Information specifically related to Aquilegia viridiflora was comparatively analyzed. Results: In this study, four historical medical texts containing records on medicinal raw materials referred to as “Yumduujin” were examined. The plant morphology, medicinal taste, potency, and therapeutic properties described in these texts were comparatively evaluated. Conclusions 1. Comparative analysis of the four historical sources demonstrated that the material recorded under the name “Yumduujin” corresponds to the perennial herbaceous plant Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. (Family: Ranunculaceae), particularly its dried aerial parts. 2. This plant was traditionally used as a medicinal material by Mongolian physicians and maharambas in Inner Mongolia.Furthermore, the study suggests that several related species, including Aquilegia parviflora Ledeb., Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. var. atropurpurea (Willd.) Kitag., Aquilegia yabeana Kitag., and Aquilegia oxysepala Trautv. et C.A.Mey., may also have been used interchangeably with “Yumduujin” or “Ürelj grass” in traditional medicine.

Background: Among the total healthcare waste generated from health-related activities, 10–20% is considered haz ardous, posing significant threats to both the environment and human health. Approximately 3% of healthcare waste is pharmaceutical waste. In Ulaanbaatar city, an estimated 2.65 tons of healthcare waste is generated daily (0.78 tons of medical waste and 1.87 tons of general waste). With the continuous increase in pharmaceutical consumption, the improper disposal of pharmaceutical waste has emerged as a major environmental concern, adversely affecting nature, animals, and the food chain. Contamination from pharmaceutical waste, such as the development of antibiotic resistance, is closely linked to inadequate public awareness of waste management. Aim: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of pharmacy technicians in community pharmacies regarding pharmaceutical waste management. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among pharmacy technicians across Mongolia. As of 2023, there are 4,959 licensed pharmacy professionals in the country. Using a representative sampling method, data were collected from 360 pharmacist and pharmacy technicians. Data were analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 360 pharmacists from both urban and rural areas participated in the study. The assessment was based on a 5-point Likert scale, with scores of 1-2 considered negative and 3–5 considered positive. The average scores for knowledge, skills, and attitudes were 3.3, 3.06, and 3.25 respectively. While individual scores were satisfactory, the results of questions targeting social awareness were relatively low. Conclusion The knowledge, skills, and attitudes of pharmacy technicians regarding pharmaceutical waste management were found to be satisfactory. However, to further improve knowledge levels, it is recommended to implement additional training programs related to pharmaceutical waste management among pharmacy technicians.

Background: Traditional Mongolian medicine utilizes complex herbal formulations for restoring bodily functions and treating various ailments. Sampilnorov, a traditional medicinal composition, is recognized for its therapeutic properties in regenerating one of the 17 qualities and 15 functions of the human body, particularly qi and its associated functions. Aim: This study aims to analyze the therapeutic potential of Sampilnorov in treating conditions related to vein disorders, fever, and musculoskeletal diseases. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted, focusing on the Mongolian Medicine section of the Medical Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. The pharmacological properties, indications, and mechanisms of Sampilnorov were examined. Results: The findings suggest that Sampilnorov is a valid therapeutic system in Mongolian traditional medicine for addressing multiple physiological dysfunctions. Further clinical and pharmacological studies are necessary to validate its efficacy and mechanisms of action. Conclusion Sampilnorov pills are traditionally used for Eliminating chronic fever and lesions in the white veins, Removing yellow fluid accumulation, Treating disorders of the black and white veins, such as paralysis, gout, rheumatism, and typhoid fever, Healing damaged veins and alleviating symptoms of leprosy, kidney vein concussions, kidney heat, vein and tendon spasms, and joint sprains.

ABSTRACT. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS, is common oral disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis for which only symptomatic therapy is available. This article reviews the current clinical features of RAS among study patients and the result of therapeutic effects of the herbal preparation Akhizunber. Over the past four years we have treated 61 RAS patients with different clinical forms by herbal preparation Akhizunber or Alumekatin. The distribution of clinical forms RAS RAS among study patients were minor aphthae -75.4%, major aphthae -16.4% and herpetiform ulcers -8.2% respectively. The healing time of treated Akhizunber was in minor aphthae -9.28±4.82 days, major aphthae -14 days and herpetiform ulcers -12 days. Of the total study participants, the patients treated by Akhizunber reported a rapid and complete recovery from RAS during treatment compared with treated patients by Alumekatin. Treatment with herbal preparation Akhizunber can be effective for patients suffering from RAS in any clinic form, regardless of their ulcer number and size.