Objective: To investigate the trends in incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in cancer registration areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2016 to 2020 and its epidemiological status in 2020, so as to provide the basis for improving prevention and control measures for thyroid cancer. Methods: The data of thyroid cancer incidence and mortality from 2016 to 2020 in four cancer registration areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were collected through the Tumor Registry. The crude incidence and crude mortality were calculated. The Chinese population-standardized rate and world population-standardized rate were calculated using the age structure of the standard population from the Fifth National Population Census in 2000 and Segi's world standard population. The incidence and mortality characteristics of thyroid cancer in different genders and ages in 2020 were described. The trends in the Chinese population-standardized incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous from 2016 to 2020 were assessed using the average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: In 2020, the crude, Chinese population-standardized and world population-standardized incidences of thyroid cancer in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were 32.91/100 000, 26.99/100 000, and 25.53/100 000, respectively. The crude, Chinese population-standardized and world population-standardized mortalities of thyroid cancer were 1.25/100 000, 0.96/100 000, and 0.98/100 000, respectively. The Chinese population-standardized incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in females were 2.44 times and 2.20 times those in males, respectively. The crude incidence of thyroid cancer was increased after age of twenty years, with a peak at age of 55 to 60 years (76.73/100 000) before rapidly declining. In contrast, the crude mortality remained low across all age groups, with the highest rate observed at age of 70 to 75 years (13.70/100 000). From 2016 to 2020, the Chinese population-standardized incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer showed no significant changes (both P>0.05). Conclusions From 2016 to 2020, the trends in incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in cancer registration areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were stable. The disease burden of thyroid cancer was higher in females than in males. The crude incidence first rised and then declined with age, peaks at age of 55-<60 years.