Background: Insects are an inexhaustible source of medicine, and it is essential to study the biologically active substances contained in insect bodies. Although there is information about various insects and beetles used in traditional Mongolian medicine treatment, there are few studies that have compiled and compared these at the source level. Aim: To study and determine from primary sources information about the composition of pheromone secretions contained in the bodies of various insects and worms used in “Entomotherapy (Insect therapy)” in traditional medicine, particularly rare beetle species, and information about what diseases and ailments these insects were used to treat. Materials and Methods: This study used primary source and historical research methods, analysis-synthesis methods, systematic analytical methods, and historical comparative methods. Information was extracted from traditional medicine source books about insect therapy, particularly identifying and compiling primary sources about the use of beetles in folk medical treatment. Results: According to primary sources, traditional Mongolian medicine used quite a variety of “therapeutic insects and worms” of animal origin, including representatives of arthropods such as scorpions, spiders, centipedes, wasps, bees, various types of beetles, and moths. Among these, stag beetles, dung beetles, and black beetles were used in traditional medicine for treating joint and muscle diseases, various women’s diseases, epilepsy and convulsions, headaches, and all 11 types of bile diseases, with specific prescriptions developed for each condition. Conclusion Traditional medicine treatment used various insects from the biological classification of the insect class, particularly many types of beetles from the Coleoptera order. The pheromone secretions contained in their bodies include many different types of chemical substances.

Background: In the source materials of our research work, there is a mention of a mysterious unknown person who safeguards and teaches books. By virtue of his efforts, the important medical scripture “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” was used in the training of doctors in Mongolia, as well as all the discoveries and achievements of science discovered in Europe at that time. It is the foundation of all medical achievements as we know them today. Research goal: To identify the custodian of the source mentioned in the foreword of the book “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” published by academician Rinchen.B. Research methods: Methods of historical analysis, comparative research, and examination of source materials were used in the research Conclusion
1. In his foreword to the 2 volumes and 6 sections of the work “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” published in 1971, Rinchen.B mentioned the person who kept it in Ulaanbaatar as the owner, without mentioning the name and vaguely. The individual was identified as the Vice head monk of Manba Datsan of Zuun Khuree, Da Rinbuchi, the famous Jasyn Damdin agramba (maaramba).
2. Thanks to the order of Eighth Bogd Jebtsundamba Khutuktu and the efforts of Jasyn Damdin agramba (maaramba), this principal medical scripture was used in the Manba Datsan training course in Mongolia. It is believed that the achievements of the medical science discovered in Europe at that time, written in the work, became another important fact of teaching the students of the medical school, and then of the repeated attempts to integrate Western and Eastern medicine.

Introduction: Khuumii (throat singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, producing two or more “simultaneous” sounds and melodies through the organ of speech. Material and Methods: The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical structures involved in the formation of khuumii and the features and patterns of their functions and compare each type of khuumii as performed by Mongolian people. A total of 60 participants aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women) were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software using questionnaires, X-ray, endoscopy, sound research method, and general blood tests. Results: 90.7% of the khuumii singers were male and 9.3% were female. The average height of the participants was 172.91±0.93 cm (arithmetic mean and mean error), average body weight was 77.53±2.46 kg, and body mass index was 25.93±5.31 respectively. Heart rate was 92.19±20.71 per minute prior to khuumii while 133.19±19.09 after performing khuumii and 85.81-98.56 at 95% confidence interval. In terms of ethnicity (ethnographically), the Khalkh were the largest ethnic group (72.1%), followed by Bayad, Buryatia, Darkhad, Torguud, and Oirat (2.3%), respectively. 60.5% of the participants were professional khuumii singers who graduated from relevant universities and colleges. The process of Khuumii was recorded by X-ray examination, and laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, interstitial volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Khuumii increases the workload of the cardiovascular system by 70-80%. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. 95.3% of throat singers did not have a sore throat, 88.4% did not experience heavy breathing, and 74.1% had no hoarseness. During the formation of khuumii sound, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and lungs regulate the intensity of the air reaching the vocal folds, exert pressure on the airways and vibrate the sound waves through air flows passing through the larynx and vocal folds. Mouth-nose cavity as well as pharynx are responsible for echoing the sound. Conclusion It is appropriate to divide khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved; shakhaa and kharkhiraa. Khuumii, the “Human music” originating from the people of Altai Khangai basin by imitating the sounds of nature with their own voice in ancient times, spread all over the world from Mongolia and it is proposed to classify khuumii into two main types of shakhaa and kharkhiraa in terms of structural involvement and functionality.

Since anatomist and doctor Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) knew that a thorough knowledge of human anatomy was essential to surgery, he devoted much of his time to dissections of cadavers and insisted on doing them himself, instead of relying on untrained assistants. As a result, he created his famous work called “De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” in 1543. This creation was evaluated as scientific discoveryin Europe.
Two hundred forty years later, Dominique Parennin (1665-1741)wrote the book “ManchuAnatomy”by the order of Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722). Thebook was written by hand and the Kangxi Emperor was given three copies. The whole name of the “Manchu Anatomy”is «Imperially-Commissioned Complete Record on the Body. Unfortunately, the Kangxi Emperor did not allow the publication of the book. It was indeed sad that Kangxi Emperor, who distinguished himself by his unusual intelligence and was noted for his encouragement of the arts and sciences, failed to perceive the importance of the «Manchu Anatomy». Had it been printed and disseminated it certainly would have revolutionized Chinese medicine, as Vesalius› «De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” did for European medicine.
However, Dominique Parennin has sent another special copy to the Royal Academy of Science in Paris, which he was a corresponding member. In a letter dated May 1, 1723 accompanying the «Manchu Anatomy» he wrote in old French: Vous serez peut-etre surpris que je vous envoye de- si loin un traite d›Anatomie, un corps de Medecine, et des questions de Physiques ecrites en une langue, qui, sans doute, vous est inconnue; mais votre surprise cessera quand- vous verrez que ce sont vos propres ouvrages que je vous envoye habilles a la Tartare. Oui, Messieurs, ce sont vos pensees et vos ingenieuses decouvertes. In this study, we have translated this letter into Mongolian and explained the content of letter. Thanks to this book, in Europe and America, the book is known as the Manchu Anatomy, and many researchers published several books and scientific articles about the book. However, there is no one who has found that this book has been translated into Mongolian except the Manchu language. Our next study is to compare the Manchus and the Mongolian texts of this book.

In 1687 the first contingent of French Jesuits Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730) and others arrived in Manchu Qing dynasty, then under the reign of Kangxi (Enkh-Amgalan khaan). Bouvet and Gerbillon elected to remain in Beijing. Five years after they came, Kangxi was forty years of age (in 1692), he had malaria and could not be cured by medicine. A Jesuit priest presented quinine to Kangxi who was cured by this medicine. Having personally sampled and benefited from Western medicine, the Emperor became very interested in the foreigners’ science. He ordered Bouvet to prepare for his instruction a treatise on anatomy. The anatomy project was not resumed, for Bouvet soon departed for France. The task was later completed by another Jesuit, Dominique Parennin (1665-1741), who arrived in China in 1698. To serve as the blueprint for his assignment, Parennin chose the text of one of the standard works on anatomy in Europe at that time, written by Pierre Dionis, which he considered to be the most exact and clear. However, for the illustrations he preferred the text of the Dane, Thomas Bartholin [1]. Thus, the “Manchu anatomy” created based on the books of European anatomy in Manchu dynasty.
The significance of this research work is that Manchu anatomy was the first attempt to try to combine Western and Oriental medicine and also to be a modern anatomy base of the methods of traditional medicine. On the other hand, it can be said it is the first initiation to combine principles and views of Western medicine and Traditional Mongolian medicine.
The book “Manchu anatomy” was translated from Manchu language into Mongolian by Mongolian scholars as the title of “Imperially-Commissioned Complete Record on the Body.” We consider that this translation is completed one including 2 volumes and 6 chapters. Currently, it is impossible to tell the exact time when it was translated. However, we hope that to determine the exact time of the translation could be found further study. Later, in 1929, another version of Mongolian script was published in Inner Mongolia by the name of “Imperially-Commissioned ge ti ciovan lu bichig.” But it is not completed translation.
End of study we concluded that the “Manchu anatomy” is not only anatomical book based on European anatomical book but also it covers some knowledge of Oriental medicine. For example, Tibetan and Sanskrit names of medicine and their ingredients are in this book. Mongolian medicinal names originated from the animals, especially the names of internal organs which are not used in European countries. Most commonly, human body in this book divided into 5 vital organs and 6 hollow organs in accordance with black astrology of Oriental Medicine and expressed the connection among the embryo, body, and structure in the Western medical theory.

Since a human being was born, female reproductive organs, particularly the structure and function of the ovaries are constantly changing. The findings of overseas studies referred hereunder show that the ovarian follicular growth and atresia in young girls occur simultaneously, continuously and actively. The histopathology and ultrasound examination of the ovaries in girls were similar in principles. We found that ovarian maturation is influenced by hormonal stimulation, not only by age. In the most of the study, ovarian follicles were divided into two groups; as micro-cysts (<9mm) and macro-cysts (>9mm).
In every country, physical development of inhabitants shall be researched academically in every 5 to 10 years, comparing to geography, nature, weather conditions, culture, occupation and livelihood of local residents, in connection with the social and economic development of the country; urban and rural areas. In the studies regarding physical growth and development of Mongolian children’s body, structure and maturation of the ovaries in girls have not been determined. However, in 1996, Tuul M. studied ovarian measurements in Mongolian adults sampling organs from cadavers. Fundamental research determining the characteristic of ovarian structure and maturation in Mongolian girls and comparing results with an onset of puberty is needed to be developed.

Introduction: This work includes information on diseases and important rich experiences of medicine. However, the initial work has not been clearly stated in the versions. The reason and purpose to do our research is that the work has not been introduced to the practice. Methods: The document analysis, logical argumentation, comparative historical research and hermeneutics have been utilized in the research. Results:
1. Five years were spent to print the four original copies of the work by the help of scholars and Jesuit fathers. An original copy of the work is kept in the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris and another original copy is in the Royal Library in Copenhagen.
2. The work illustrates anatomy, diagnosis of diseases, medicine and treatments. It is interesting that the story of the work is stated in the first topic.
3. By comparing Mongolian versions, the topic on anatomy was absent in the version of Zodovjav’s translation. Different time and different word choice of translations influenced dissimilar versions in Mongolian. Conclusion
1. This work was written in the first two decades of the 18th century by the order of Emperor K’ang Hsi of Manchu.
2. This work is the medicine book that connects Eastern medicine to Western.
3. Even though translations of word are different in the versions, the contents are alike.

BACKGROUND. As long ago times or perhaps longer, people were using insects as medicines for healing wounds, preventing infections and improving health. Some of these are purely anecdotal, while others have proven basis in fact as tested by modern medicine.Usage of insects intraditional medicine was recorded since time immemorial.Insects and their substances have been used as medicinal resources by different cultures since ancient time because of chemical compounds - e.g. pheromones, defensive sprays, venoms and toxins, which were sequestered fromplants or prey and later concentrated or transformed for their own use.In many parts of the world,different sections of the society have been using medico-entomological drugs to this day in their lives.A numberof studies has in recent years drawn attention to thetherapeutic value of certain species of insects, their products, and their developmental stages.As has been documented insects can be a source of drugs used in modern medicine, since compounds of insect origin can have immunological, analgesic, antibacterial, diuretic, anaesthetic and anti-rheumatic, antitumor properties. Numerous insect originated materia medicain Mongolian traditional medicine contribute this source of therapeutics and variety of ancientmedical treatises by local authors as well as translations of renowned Ayurvedic medical books about animals as medicine exist.Knowledge about therapy with insects in Mongolian traditional medicine is less studied even they have been used broadly since ancient time. Several orthodox practitioners have surveyed the therapeutic potentials of defensive agents in dark beetleknown as “stink beetle” in the past.Yet the scientific community has to give thismajor and crucial component of traditional Mongolian medicine the attention it deserves, scientific knowledge about biologically active principles within medicinal insect remain poorly unknown. AIM OF STUDY.To define chemical analysis of ethanol whole body extract of Tenebrionid beetles. METHOD AND RESULT. We collected Tenebrionid beetles from local regions including desert, grassland, and to make an 40% ethanol extract of whole body to determine species of Tenebrionid beetles by entomoscope. After 30 days for saving in organic extract, to determine chemical composition of filtered 2 ml sample solution by high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Using digital usb microscope 2.0 mp to confirm special characters of Tenebrionid beetles to Tenebrionid B.miliaria in biological termin. In HPLC-MS, octadecanoic acid is presented in 2 regional samples. CONCLUSION. Octadecanoic acid, the surface lipid of the insect was determined from the ethanol whole body extract of Tenebrionid beetles.

Structure, size of trachea and bronchial tree are well known in modern time. There are hundreds of research about respiratory anatomy havebeen done in developed countries. Our team interested that when and how airway structure to become investigated. In Shinong king’s period (2838 – 2699 BCE) human anatomical feature was described rough and ready and note down in books and other treatises. In Guang – Tae king’s period ( 2698 BCE), the trachea divided into 7 pieces in the thorax cavity described in medical treatise named “Nei King” .Since 8th century BCE when autopsy introduced in India, the morphology started in science as evidence based science. All the theories at the time based on research findings represent that medical science has been developed as a evidence based science since 16thcentury in Mongolia. The late 18 century, period of renaissance technology and science, structures of the respiratory system start investigated in detail. 1889 V.Ewart , There are many scientists attempt to measure size of airway structures, unfortunately the results were quite different that may due to material, method and anatomical feature differences. Thus, future intensive research is needed in order to prosecute out previous docotr’s and scientists studies.

Background:In recent years the respiratory tract diseases, including chronic bronchitis and others, are increasing, and all developed countrieshave already determined the normal Airway measurements. But there is a lack of the studies on normal tracheal and bronchial branches measurements, which could be serve as the control groups for the pathological ones. Thus the purpose of this study is to measure and identify tracheal tube and I-III bronchi of health Mongolian adults. Materials and Methods:The materials were developed by bronchography procedure, and histological methods; and the results assessed by hypothesis testing. Results: The trachea lenght for male was 120.54±4.07 mm; thebronchi length: right 1stbronchi as 28.00±3.04мм, the left - 42.79±2.18 mm, the 2ndbronchus - 25.99±1.38 mm, the 3th bronchus - 24.95±1.80 mm. The tracheal diameter for female was 17.95±2.27 mm; the bronchial diameter: 1stbronchus /right/ - 12.86±0.80 mm, the left - 11.44±0.60мм, the 2ndbronchus - 9.28±0.40 mm, the 3rdbronchus - 4.69±0.35 mm. Conclusion:The results show that the trachea and I-III bronchi length and diameter measurements’ differences are not statistically significant on gender, p=0.879 and p=0.669 separately.