BACKGROUND: Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games was the second Games held amid the COVID-19 pandemic. To a certain extent, it has altered the way sporting activities operate. There is a lack of knowledge on injury risk and illness occurrence in elite winter sport athletes amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in Beijing from February 4 to 20, 2022. METHODS: We recorded the daily number of injuries and illnesses among athletes reported by Beijing 2022 medical staff in the polyclinic, medical venues, and ambulance. We calculated injury and illness incidence as the number of injuries or illnesses occurring during competition or training, respectively, with incidence presented as injuries/illnesses per 100 athlete-days. RESULTS: In total, 2,897 athletes from 91 nations experienced injury or illness. Beijing 2022 medical staff reported 326 injuries and 80 illnesses, equaling 11.3 injuries and 2.8 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 11％ of the athletes incurred at least one injury and nearly 3％ incurred at least one illness. The number of injured athletes was highest in the skating sports (n=104), followed by alpine skiing (n=53), ice track (n=37), freestyle skiing (n=36), and ice hockey (n=35), and was the lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines (n=20). Of the 326 injuries, 14 (4.3％) led to an estimated absence from training or competition of more than 1 week. A total of 52 injured athletes were transferred to hospitals for further care. The number of athletes with illness (n=80) was the highest for skating (n=33) and Nordic skiing (n=22). A total of 50 illnesses (62.5％) were admitted to the department of dentistry/ophthalmology/otolaryngology, and the most common cause of illness was other causes, including preexisting illness and medicine (n=52, 65％). CONCLUSION: Overall, 11％ of athletes incurred at least one injury during the Games, which is similar to the findings during the Olympic Winter Games in 2014 and 2018. Regarding illness, 2％ of athletes were affected, which is approximately one-third of the number affected in the 2018 Olympic Winter Games.

【Objective】To establish a reliable and reproducible mouse model of cisplatin induced inner ear hair cells loss and to make possible for further study of mechanisms of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in mice from the molecular and genetic aspects. 【Methods】Twenty healthy mice were evenly divided into two groups in random. The mice in group A received a single dose of furosemide（200 mg/kg，intraperitoneal）followed by a single dose of cisplatin（1.0 mg/kg，intraperitoneal）1 h later，and the mice in group B received a single dose of furosemide（200 mg/kg，intraperitoneal）followed by a single dose of cisplatin（0.5 mg/kg，intraperitoneal）1 h later. Auditory brainstem response（ABR）and distortion product otoacoustic emission （DPOAE） were tested in both groups 10 d post the cisplatin-furosemide treatment and bilateral cochlea were taken out and fixed，one side cochlea were used for the surface preparation of total cochlear basal membrane and stained to count the number of cochlear hair cells from apex to base，the other was embedded with EPON 812 gel and then cut into half thin slices. Six mice were used as control group. 【Results】In both groups，the average ABR threshold of mice at each frequency were elevated，while the average DPOAE values were decreased. The average ABR threshold in group A increased significantly and the amplitude of each frequency decreased a lot，and DPOAE in high frequencies vanished；In group B，there was a minor elevation of ABR threshold with a slightly lower amplitude in higher- frequencies（16，20，32 kHz）but no amplitude change in lower frequencies（4，8，12 kHz）both in ABR and DPOAE. The surface preparation of Cochlear results in group A showed that nearly all the outer hair cells in the base had been destroyed，and most were destroyed in the apex；In group B，only the majority of cochlear outer hair cells at the base missed. There was no decrease of the numbers of the inner hair cells in both groups. Semi-thin cross-sections results also showed that the stria vascularis and spiral ganglion cells were close to normal in both groups. 【Conclusion】Co- administration of single dose of 1.0 mg/kg cisplatin with a single dose of 200 mg/kg furosemide may induce significant loss of cochlear outer hair cells in mice.

Objective To investigate the expression differences and significance of periostin (PN) in eyelid basal cell carcinoma associated fibroblasts (BCAFs) andnormal fibroblasts (NFs) after separation,culture,purification and identification.Methods The third generation of purified BCAFs and NFs was selected,and the concentrations of cell suspensions were modulated to 20 × 106 L-1 by trypsin,and then the cell suspension were seeded and cultured in 6-well plate by 2 mL per well.The cell culture supernatants were collected when BCAFs and NFs were cultured by serum-free medium for 48 h,then the content of PN in cell culture supernatants from BCAFs and NFs was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The glass coverslips were placed at the bottom of the 6-well plate to make cell slides,and then the expression of PN in BCAFs and NFs cells were tested by immunofluorescence staining.Results ELISA showed that the content of PN in cell culture supernatants from BCAFs and NFs was (9.26 ± 2.35) μg · L-1 and (2.57 ± 0.41) μg · L-1.And the expression level of PN in BCAFs tested by immunofluorescence staining technology was higher than that in NFs cells,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The expression and secretion of PN in the eyelid BCAFs were highly enhanced when compared with NFs,suggesting that periostein may promote or inhibit the occurrence and development of the eyelid basal cell carcinoma in the microenvironment of the eyelid basal cell carcinoma.

A reasonable method for the quality control of tablets of Ginkgo biloba leaves was established in this paper. The total flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones of G. biloba tablets were quantified by HPLC. Totally, 16 batches of the commercially available tablets of G. biloba leaves were determined. Among of them, 2 batches were unqualified in the content of total flavonol glycosides, and 3 batches were unqualified in the content of terpene lactones. A validated HPLC fingerprint method was established to evaluate the commercially available tablets of G. biloba leaves with the assistance of LC-MS. Sixteen batches showed the similarity of 0.763-0.989. There were 31 fingerprint chromatogram peaks were identified as flavonoids compositions by LC-MS. This provides a research idea for the quality control of tablets of G. biloba leaves.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Tablets ; chemistry

The study is to develop a method to determine 3 batches leaves of Nauclea officinalis and stems of N. officinalis by HPLC. The differences between strictosamide contents and fingerprints was compared, then chromatographic peak of fingerprints was validated with the assistance of LC-MS. The strictosamide contents in stems of N. officinalis were higher than leaves of N. officinalis. The main chemical composition in leaves of N. officinalis and stems of N. officinalis were alkaloid which revealed by LC-MS. There are 7 chemical compositions were same between them, but the chemical composition in leaves of N. officinalis is more than stems of N. officinalis. This provides a scientific basis for the development of the potential medicinal value of leaves of N. officinalis and the sustainable utilization of N. officinalis.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Rubiaceae ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

OBJECTIVETo understand the clinical features of death from hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and to explore the early warning index of HFMD death.

METHODSA total of 41 HFMD death cases were collected as case group in Shandong province between 2009 and 2011, and another 123 serious HFMD cases were selected as control group according to the similar gender, place of origin and hospital level, with the ratio at 1:3. We investigated the general situation, clinical treatment, past medical history, clinical symptoms and signs of the ill children, and applied the conditional logistic regression to explore early warning index of HFMD death.

RESULTSThe rate of patients who had symptoms in nervous system, digestive system, circulatory system and respiratory system were separately 90.2% (37/41), 58.5% (24/41), 53.7% (22/41) and 90.2% (37/41) in case group; and the proportions were 44.7% (55/123), 13.8% (17/123), 10.6% (13/123) and 12.2% (15/123) respectively in control group. The difference between the two groups showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 25.881, 32.791, 34.011, 86.505, P < 0.05). In case group, 37 patients had neurogenic pulmonary edema, 26 patients got encephalitis, 15 patients had respiratory and circulatory failure, 7 patients got pulmonary hemorrhage, 4 patients had multiple organ failure, 4 patients got myocarditis and 1 patient had cerebral hernia. According to multi-factor logistic regression analysis, the early warning indicators of HFMD death included neck resistance (case group: 34.1% (14/41), control group: 4.1% (5/123); OR = 7.145, 95%CI: 1.748 - 29.204), vomiting (case group: 58.5% (24/41), control group: 13.8% (17/123); OR = 5.632, 95%CI: 1.793 - 17.685) and increase of heart rate (case group: 53.7% (22/41), control group: 10.6% (14/123), OR = 6.370, 95%CI: 1.517 - 26.743).

CONCLUSIONIn the process of clinical treatment and care, we should interfere the serious HFMD patients with neck resistance, vomiting and increase of heart rate, and thereby reduce the death from HFMD.

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate

Objective To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with glutamine (GLN) on the prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats.Methods Seven days before the establishment of TBI model,60 SD rats were anesthetized with 1％ pentobarbital sodium (30-50 mg/kg)to establish the intestinal nutritional support model.Six days after gastrotomy,Feeney method was employed to establish the rat model of traumatic brain injury.Then,the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups:the traumatic brain injury group (the TBI group),the TBI + HBO group,the TBI + GLN (glutamine) group,and the TBI + HBO + GLN group,each consisting of 15 animals.The animals in the TBI group and the TBI + HBO group received routine intestinal nutritional support,3 hours after sustaining TBI,and the animals in the TBI + GLN group and the TBI + HBO + GLN group received fortified intestinal nutritional support (containing 2 g of GLN in 100 g feed).The animals in the TBI + HBO group and the TBI + HBO + GLN group were just given one session of HBO therapy,3 hours after TBI,at a pressure of 0.15 MPa(1.5 ATA).Then,at d 1,d 3 and d 7 after TBI,neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area was evaluated with in situ end labeling (TUNEL),and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was applied to evaluate rat-PA concentrations.The nerve function of the animals was detected by using Balance beam assay and changes in their body mass were monitored with the weighing method.Results One day and 3 days after TBI,neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area for the animals of the TBI + HBO group decreased.One day,3 days and 7 days after TBI,neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area for the animals of the TBI + HBO + GLN group also decreased.Statistical significance could be noted,when it was compared with the TBI group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area for the animals of the TBI + GLN group also decreased,but without statistical significance.For the animals of the TBI + GLN group and the TBI + HBO + GLN,the serum concentration of rat-PA increased 7 days after TBI (P ＜ 0.05),however,statistical significance was seen,when it was compared with the TBI group at the same time points (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Nerve function improved significantly.Statistical significance could be seen in the scores of balance beam assay for the animals of the TBI + HBO group 7 days after TBI and the animals of the TBI + HBO + GLN group 3 and 7 days after TBI,when it was compared with the TBI group at the same time points (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).No statistical significance was noted in the differences of body mass index (BMI).Neuronal apoptosis rate in the animals of the TBI + HBO + GLN group decreased,while serum concentration of rat-PA increased,with the neural function recovered most prominently.Conclusions HBO combined with glutamine in the treatment of TBI could effectively decrease neuronal apoptosis rate,increase serum concentration of rat-PA and improve neural function of the experimental animals,thus improving prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with glutamine (GLN) on the prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats.Methods Seven days before the establishment of TBI model,60 SD rats were anesthetized with 1％ pentobarbital sodium (30-50 mg/kg)to establish the intestinal nutritional support model.Six days after gastrotomy,Feeney method was employed to establish the rat model of traumatic brain injury.Then,the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups:the traumatic brain injury group (the TBI group),the TBI + HBO group,the TBI + GLN (glutamine) group,and the TBI + HBO + GLN group,each consisting of 15 animals.The animals in the TBI group and the TBI + HBO group received routine intestinal nutritional support,3 hours after sustaining TBI,and the animals in the TBI + GLN group and the TBI + HBO + GLN group received fortified intestinal nutritional support (containing 2 g of GLN in 100 g feed).The animals in the TBI + HBO group and the TBI + HBO + GLN group were just given one session of HBO therapy,3 hours after TBI,at a pressure of 0.15 MPa(1.5 ATA).Then,at d 1,d 3 and d 7 after TBI,neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area was evaluated with in situ end labeling (TUNEL),and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was applied to evaluate rat-PA concentrations.The nerve function of the animals was detected by using Balance beam assay and changes in their body mass were monitored with the weighing method.Results One day and 3 days after TBI,neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area for the animals of the TBI + HBO group decreased.One day,3 days and 7 days after TBI,neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area for the animals of the TBI + HBO + GLN group also decreased.Statistical significance could be noted,when it was compared with the TBI group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Neuronal apoptosis rate of penumbra area for the animals of the TBI + GLN group also decreased,but without statistical significance.For the animals of the TBI + GLN group and the TBI + HBO + GLN,the serum concentration of rat-PA increased 7 days after TBI (P ＜ 0.05),however,statistical significance was seen,when it was compared with the TBI group at the same time points (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Nerve function improved significantly.Statistical significance could be seen in the scores of balance beam assay for the animals of the TBI + HBO group 7 days after TBI and the animals of the TBI + HBO + GLN group 3 and 7 days after TBI,when it was compared with the TBI group at the same time points (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).No statistical significance was noted in the differences of body mass index (BMI).Neuronal apoptosis rate in the animals of the TBI + HBO + GLN group decreased,while serum concentration of rat-PA increased,with the neural function recovered most prominently.Conclusions HBO combined with glutamine in the treatment of TBI could effectively decrease neuronal apoptosis rate,increase serum concentration of rat-PA and improve neural function of the experimental animals,thus improving prognosis.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility and safety of the treatment for thoracolumbar fractures with transpedicular intracorporeal hydroxyapatite grafting and pedicle screw fixation via paraspinal approach.

METHODSFrom June 2007 to December 2008, 19 cases of thoracolumbar fractures were treated with transpedicular intracorporeal hydroxyapatite grafting and pedicle screw fixation via paraspinal approach. There were 7 female and 12 male, ranging from 21 to 57 years of age (mean 40.8 years) at surgery. The time from injury to surgery varied from 1 d to 5 d (mean 2.9 d). Nineteen patients all suffered from single thoracolumbar fracture with the distribution of injury level being T(11) in 1, T(12) in 5, L(1) in 9, and L(2) in 4. According to Denis fracture classification, there were 5 compression fractures and 14 burst fractures. The mean preoperative ratio of the anterior height of the body was 57.2%, kyphosis angle was 17.6° and occupation of spinal canal was 27.7%. The mean preoperative load-sharing classification of spine fractures was 5.2. Based on the ASIA neurologic grading system, preoperative neurological function was grade B in 2 cases, C in 9 and D in 8.

RESULTSMedian operating time was 83.8 min (range 60-95 min) and median blood loss was 133 ml (range 90 - 200 ml). Infection did not occur in any of the patients and the operative incisions were healing well. Average follow-up time was 19.2 months (range 12 - 36 months). At the latest follow-up, the height of the anterior border was corrected to 88.4%, the kyphosis angle was 6.1°, and the occupation of spinal canal was 8.2% on average. The postoperative neurologic function of all 19 patients was improved with grade D in 2 cases and E in 17. There were no instances of instrumentation failure and no patient had persistent postoperative back pain.

CONCLUSIONSTranspedicular intracorporeal hydroxyapatite grafting and pedicle screw fixation via paraspinal approach could provide reliable neurologic improvement in patients with incomplete neurologic deficit, and could prevent the development of kyphosis.Furthermore, it has the obvious advantages of less invasive and blood loss, and decreases the risks of postoperative lumbodorsal pain.

Adult ; Bone Screws ; Bone Transplantation ; methods ; Durapatite ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; injuries ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Fractures ; surgery ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; injuries ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective To explore the pattern of hair cell injury and expression of P53 apoptosis protein in intensive impulse noise injured cochlear hair cells in guinea pigs. Methods Twelve adult guinea pigs were exposed to a series of 40 pairs of impulse noise(2 second intervals) at the intensity of 168 dB (SPL). Animals were terminated at 3, 6 and 12 hours after noise exposure, respectively. Cochlear surface preparations were performed with a double staining of FITC-conjugated phalloidin and propidium iodide for the observations of the stereocilia and the nucleus. P53 immunochemical staining was also performed 12hours post-noise exposure to observe if there was expression of p53 protein in injured hair cells. Results Three hours after noise exposure, the outer hair cells at the end of basal turn and beginning of second turn were destroyed first with a character of nuclear condensation. Six hours post-noise exposure, many hair cells in the center of damage region had nuclear fragmentations, and the damaging area expanded towards to basal turn and apical turn. Twelve hours after noise exposure, the nucleus in most outer hair cells and inner hair cells at the region of damage center were missing. The nuclear condensation and fragmentation were appeared in hair cells in both sides of the center region of degeneration. P53 immunoreactive products were also found in damaged hair cells, not only in the central damage area, but also in the basal turn and the third turn.Conclusions Intensive impulse noise resulted in apoptosis of cochlear hair cells that initiated between the end of basal turn and the beginning of second turn. Hair cell degeneration spread to basal and third turn along the basilar membrane. P53 may play an important role in impulse noise induced-hair cell apoptosis.