Objective: To evaluate the effect of comprehensive prevention and control interventions for myopia among primary school students, so as to provide evidence for the comprehensive prevention and control of myopia among myopic students in schools. Methods: In September 2023, myopic students aged 6 to 11 years from Xilin South Road Primary School in Hohhot City were selected as research subjects by stratified random sampling method, and randomly divided into intervention group and control group. The control group received routine school management and conventional refractive correction. On the basis of routine care for the control group, the intervention group received comprehensive myopia prevention and control interventions covering health education, eye use behavior management, visual environment improvement, repeated low-level red-light therapy and auricular point pressing, with an intervention period of 12 months. Basic information, eye use behaviors and ophthalmic examination indicators were collected through questionnaire survey and ophthalmic examination. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the differences in eye use behaviors between the two groups of myopic primary school students before and after intervention, and linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the differences in axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA). Results: The control group included 52 students, including 25 boys and 27 girls, with an average age of (7.94±0.94) years. The intervention group included 52 students, including 27 boys and 25 girls, with an average age of (7.88±0.92) years. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data such as gender, age, AL, SE and UCVA between the two groups (all P>0.05). There were statistically significant interaction effects between group and time on the compliance rate of screen time and outdoor activity time in the two groups (both P<0.05). After intervention, the compliance rates of screen time and outdoor activity time in the intervention group were higher than in the control group (51.92% vs. 28.85%, 69.23% vs. 50.00%). There were statistically significant interaction effects between group and time on AL, SE and UCVA (all P<0.05). After intervention, the AL increase was lower in the intervention group than in the control group (0.17 mm vs. 0.34 mm), the decreases in SE and UCVA were lower in the intervention group than in the control group (0.12 D vs. 0.42 D, 0.03 vs. 0.12). Conclusion The comprehensive myopia prevention and control measures have intervention effects on myopia prevention and control among primary school students, which can slow down the axial elongation and the progression of refractive status, and improve uncorrected visual acuity and some eye use behaviors.