Childhood obesity has become a global public health issue. Current research indicates that early life obesogen exposure has emerged as a significant risk factor for childhood obesity. While obesogens have been confirmed to influence the development and progression of childhood obesity through mechanisms such as endocrine disruption and epigenetic programming, controversies remain regarding the establishment of causal relationships, assessment of combined exposures, and validation of transgenerational effects in humans. In recent years, novel approaches including multi-omics technologies, exposome-based analysis, and multigenerational cohort studies have integrated dynamic biomarker monitoring with analyses of social-environmental interactions, offering new perspectives and methodologies for constructing a systematic "exposure-mechanism-outcome" research framework. This article reviews literature from PubMed and Web of Science up to August 2025 on the association between early life obesogen exposure and childhood obesity, summarizing evidence on the health effects of early life obesogen exposure, major exposure pathways and internal exposure assessment, interactions and amplifying effects of social and environmental factors, as well as the biological mechanisms underlying obesogen action. It further examines current research frontiers and challenges, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for early prevention and precision intervention of childhood obesity.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate alterations in white matter microstructure and spontaneous neural activity in male college smokers, and to further explore their associations with nicotine dependence. Given that adolescence and early adulthood represent critical periods for brain maturation, particularly for white matter development, understanding the neural correlates of smoking behavior during this stage is of substantial importance for both neuroscience and public health. MethodsA total of 115 male undergraduate students were initially recruited for this study. After quality control and exclusion procedures, 52 male college smokers and 42 demographically matched healthy non-smokers were included in the final analysis. All participants underwent multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). White matter fiber tracts were reconstructed using the automated fiber quantification (AFQ) method, which enables precise identification and quantification of major fiber bundles. Eighteen major white matter tracts were segmented for each participant. Along the core trajectory of each tract, 100 equidistant nodes were sampled. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was calculated at each node to assess white matter microstructural integrity, while amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was computed to evaluate spontaneous neural activity within white matter tracts. Between-group differences in FA and ALFF were assessed using two-sample t-tests, with appropriate corrections applied for multiple comparisons. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between imaging-derived metrics (FA and ALFF values in regions showing significant group differences) and nicotine dependence severity, as measured by the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND). ResultsCompared with healthy non-smokers, male college smokers exhibited significantly increased FA values in several white matter tracts, including the left thalamic radiation, right corticospinal tract, forceps major of the corpus callosum, left uncinate fasciculus, and right arcuate fasciculus. These findings suggest altered microstructural organization or increased directional coherence within these pathways. In addition, smokers demonstrated significantly elevated ALFF values in the forceps major, right uncinate fasciculus, and left arcuate fasciculus, indicating enhanced spontaneous neural activity in these white matter regions. Correlation analyses revealed that FA values in the left thalamic radiation and right corticospinal tract were negatively correlated with FTND scores, suggesting that higher levels of nicotine dependence were associated with reduced microstructural integrity or altered fiber organization in these regions. In contrast, ALFF values in the forceps major and right uncinate fasciculus were positively correlated with FTND scores, indicating that greater nicotine dependence was associated with increased spontaneous neural activity in specific white matter pathways. ConclusionThe present study provides evidence that male college smokers exhibit distinct alterations in both white matter microstructure and functional activity. These abnormalities are not uniformly distributed but rather localized to specific fiber tracts implicated in sensorimotor processing, interhemispheric communication, and higher-order cognitive and emotional regulation. Importantly, the observed associations between imaging metrics and nicotine dependence severity suggest that these structural and functional alterations may reflect neurobiological mechanisms underlying addiction. The combination of AFQ-based tract profiling and multimodal MRI offers a sensitive approach for detecting subtle changes along white matter pathways, highlighting its potential utility in identifying neuroimaging biomarkers of nicotine dependence. Overall, these findings indicate that smoking during early adulthood may disrupt ongoing white matter maturation, potentially leading to long-term consequences for brain function. This study provides novel insights into the neural basis of nicotine dependence and underscores the importance of early intervention and prevention strategies targeting young smokers.

Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level. Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex(Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes(Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens,3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2,4,27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites(Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus. Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

ObjectiveTranscranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has emerged as a promising noninvasive neuromodulation technique capable of modulating neural activity with high spatial specificity. However, whether tFUS stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) can reliably evoke conscious tactile perception without external peripheral sensory input remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined the feasibility of inducing hand-related tactile perception through targeted S1 stimulation and further investigated how sonication duration (SD), a key temporal parameter, influences the consistency of this perceptual response. The findings may provide empirical evidence for optimizing tFUS parameters in human somatosensory modulation. MethodsForty-eight healthy adults participated in the study and were assigned to two experiments. Experiment 1 included 24 participants and was designed to preliminarily examine whether S1-targeted tFUS could evoke hand-related tactile sensations. This experiment comprised two sub-experiments, Experiment 1a and Experiment 1b, with 12 participants in each. Specifically, Experiment 1a used a randomized active stimulation protocol targeting the bilateral S1 to assess the initial feasibility of inducing contralateral tactile perception, whereas Experiment 1b employed an alternating hemispheric design incorporating both active and sham stimulation to verify the specificity of the tFUS-induced sensations. Experiment 2 enrolled another 24 participants and used a real-sham dual-probe design to control for spatial tactile cues that might arise from probe-scalp contact. Five SD levels, including 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1 000 ms, were systematically tested to evaluate how stimulation duration influenced the behavioral response. The primary behavioral outcome was the perceptual consistency rate, quantified according to the accuracy of contralateral tactile localization. ResultsIn Experiment 1, 91.7% of participants reported reliable hand-related tactile sensations during active tFUS stimulation, including numbness, tingling, or similar sensory experiences. Contralateral localization accuracy under active stimulation was significantly higher than the0.50 chance level (P<0.05). In contrast, localization performance under sham stimulation did not differ from chance, suggesting that the observed tactile responses were mainly induced by active S1-targeted tFUS stimulation rather than nonspecific stimulation cues. In Experiment 2, perceptual consistency rates significantly exceeded the chance level under the 400 and 1 000 ms SD conditions(P<0.05), whereas no significant effect was observed at 200, 600, or 800 ms. Pairwise comparisons further showed that the 400 and 1 000 ms conditions produced significantly higher perceptual consistency rates than the 200 ms condition (P<0.05). ConclusiontFUS stimulation of S1 can elicit distinct hand-related tactile sensations without peripheral sensory input, demonstrating the feasibility of using targeted cortical ultrasound stimulation to induce conscious somatosensory perception. The reliability of this perceptual effect was modulated by sonication duration, indicating that temporal stimulation parameters play an important role in shaping both the occurrence and consistency of behavioral responses. Among the tested conditions, 400 ms appeared to provide a favorable temporal window for generating stable tactile perception, whereas excessively short stimulation may be insufficient to produce consistent responses. These findings highlight the sensitivity of somatosensory networks to ultrasonic modulation and provide useful parameter guidance for the application of tFUS in noninvasive sensory enhancement and cortical functional mapping.

Objective To establish a rapid screening and analysis method for etomidate and its ana-logues using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with a thermal desorption-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source-linear ion trap.Methods A 10 μL aliquot of a standard solution at a con-centration of 1 μg/mL was taken,and after the solvent evaporated,the sample was inserted into the in-let of the portable mass spectrometer for detection.By adjusting the collision-induced dissociation pa-rameters,the molecular ion peak and fragment ion peak information of the standard were obtained and used to establish a reference database.In addition,the method was applied to 29 seized liquid and plant samples.Results A screening system for etomidate and its analogues was established based on the portable mass spectrometer and the corresponding mass spectrometry library.The system enables qualitative screening analysis by identifying primary protonated molecular ions and secondary product ions of etomidate and its analogues.The limits of detection for etomidate and its 12 analogues ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/mL.Etomidate and its analogues were detected in all 29 liquid and plant samples.However,this method could not distinguish between isomeric imidazole esters,such as isopropoxate and propoxate.Additionally,when testing 2-SH-etomidate,there was a false positive for the detection of etomidate.Conclusion This study established a rapid screening method for etomidate and its ana-logues using a portable mass spectrometer.The method combines the high sensitivity of mass spectrome-try with the on-site applicability of portable devices,significantly improving detection efficiency and meeting the on-site detection needs of etomidate and its analogues.

Objective To investigate the effects of parecoxib sodium on pain and Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/p38 mitogen activated protein kinase(p38MAPK)pathway in rats with femoral fracture.Methods Sixty rats were randomly separated into sham operation group,model group,TLR4 inhibitor(TAK-242)group(3 mg/kg),parecoxib sodium group(10 mg/kg),and parecoxib sodium+TLR4 activator lipopolysaccharide group(10 mg/kg parecoxib sodium+15 mg/kg LPS),with 12 rats in each group.Except for the sham operation group,rats in all other groups were used to establish a femoral fracture model by transverse cutting of the mid femur.After 28 days of treatment in each group,X-rays were used to detect the degree of fracture healing in rats.The mechanical pain threshold(PWMT)and thermal pain threshold(PWTL)of rats were measured.ELISA was applied to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and IL-10 in serum.Micro-CT method was applied to detect changes in femoral bone density(BMD),bone volume fraction(BV/TV),trabecular thickness(Tb.Th),and trabecular quantity(Tb.N)in rats.HE staining was applied to observe the pathological changes of bone tissue at the fracture site in rats.Western blot was applied to detect the expression of TLR4/p38MAPK pathway related proteins in bone tissue at the fracture site.Results Compared with the sham operation group,the fracture lines of rats in the model group were obvious,with a small amount of callus growth,the PWMT,PWTL,femoral BMD,BV/TV,Tb.Th,and Tb.N decreased,while the levels of serum IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-10,and the levels of TLR4 and p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK proteins in the bone tissue at the fracture site increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the fracture lines in the TAK-242 group and the parecoxib sodium group were blurred,and there was an increase in callus growth,the PWMT,PWTL,femoral BMD,BV/TV,Tb.Th,and Tb.N,the serum IL-10 level increased,while the serum IL-6,TNF-αlevels,the TLR4 and p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK protein levels in bone tissue at the fracture site decreased(P＜0.05).LPS could upregulate the phosphorylation levels of TLR4 and p38MAPK,and weaken the relieving effects on anti-inflammatory and pain of parecoxib sodium on fracture rats.Conclusion Paracoxib sodium may alleviate pain and accelerate fracture healing in rats with femoral fractures by inhibiting the TLR4/p38MAPK pathway and suppressing inflammatory responses.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of circ-0058063 regulating ERK/MAPK signaling pathway on ferroptosis in esophageal cancer cells.Methods EC9706 cells were randomly divided into the Control group,the si-NC group,the si-circ-0058063 group,and the si-circ-0058063+ISO group.qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of circ-0058063 in esophageal cancer tissues and cells;CCK-8 and clone formation assay were used to detect the cell proliferation ability.The levels of Fe2+,malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH),and reactive oxygen species(ROS)in cells were detected.Western blot was used to detect the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway and the expression of ferroptosis-related protein in cells.Results The expression level of circ-0058063 in esophageal cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues(P<0.05);the expression level of circ-0058063 in human esophageal cancer cell EC9706 was significantly higher than that in human normal esophageal epithelial cell HEEC(P<0.05).Compared with the Control group,the expression level of circ-0058063 in cells,cell survival rate,number of cloned cells,GSH level,ratios of p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 and p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK,as well as the expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 protein in the si-circ-0058063 group were significantly reduced(P<0.05),while the levels of Fe2+,MDA,and ROS in cells were significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with the si-circ-0058063 group,the expression level of circ-0058063 in cells,cell survival rate,number of cloned cells,GSH level,ratios of p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 and p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK,as well as the expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 protein in the si-circ-0058063+ISO group were significantly increased(P<0.05),while the levels of Fe2+,MDA,and ROS in cells were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion Knockdown of circ-0058063 can inhibit the proliferation of esophageal cancer cells and induce ferroptosis,and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway activation.

The working principle of Bausch&Lomb BL11110 phacoemulsification system was described.Three cases of typical faults of the phacoemulsification system were introduced,and the causes were analyzed,then the maintenance measures were given accordingly.References were provided for diagnosing and eliminating the faults of the phacoemulsification system.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(4):118-120]

Medical transfer robots were introduced in terms of their main uses,characteristics and special requirements in nuclear,biological and chemical environments.The research progress in foreign countries and China of medical transfer robots for nuclear,biological and chemical environments was reviewed.The deficiencies of the existing medical transfer robots for nuclear,biological and chemical environments were analyzed,and some countermeasures were put forward accordingly.It's pointed out intelligence,standardization,modularization and integration were the future development trends of medical transfer robots in nuclear,biological and chemical environments.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(4):82-87]

Objective To investigate the distribution and antibiotic resistance profiles of clinical isolates in Beijing Children's Hospital,Capital Medical University from 2016 to 2022.Methods All the strains isolated from inpatients in Beijing Children's Hospital during the period from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed.Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted by Kirby-Bauer method or automated system.Results were interpreted according to the breakpoints recommended in the CLSI Ml00 2022 edition.Results A total of 24 904 isolates were analyzed,including Gram-positive bacteria(49.4％)and Gram-negative bacteria(50.6％).The top three Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus(15.6％),coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(14.0％),and Streptococcus pneumoniae(8.9％).The top three Gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella spp.(8.6％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(8.6％),and Haemophilus influenzae(8.1％).The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains was 30.9％in SS.aureus(MRSA)and 82.7％in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(MRCNS).The prevalence of PRSP was 75.0％(24/32)in meningitis isolates and 2.6％(57/2 195)in non-meningitis isolates.Five strains of E.faecium and 10 strains of E.faecalis were found resistant to linezolid.Two strains of E.faecium were resistant to vancomycin.The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs)and carbapenem-resistant strains(CREco)in E.coli isolates was 69.0％and 9.7％,respectively.The prevalence of ESBLs and carbapenem-resistant strains(CRKpn)in K.pneumoniae isolates was 73.7％,and 37.2％,respectively.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains was 21.9％in P.aeruginosa isolates and 59.3％in A.baumannii isolates.β-lactamase was detected in 68.3％of the H.influenzae isolates.Conclusions Antimicrobial resistance is still serious in children.It is necessary to strength the surveillance of bacterial resistance and use antibiotics rationally in order to curb the spread of drug-resistant strains.