Objective: To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of injuries among primary and middle school students in Yunnan Province, so as to provide evidence for prevention and control of injuries among children and adolescents. Methods: From June to August 2025, primary and middle school students from 36 schools in 3 autonomous prefectures and 5 autonomous counties (districts) in Yunnan Province were selected as survey subjects by the multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method. Data on demographic characteristics, family environment and the incidence of injuries in the past 12 months were collected through questionnaire surveys. Data on regional economic level, air quality, annual average temperature and average altitude were obtained from the 2024 Yunnan Statistical Yearbook, the China National Environmental Monitoring Center, the China Meteorological Data Network and the Geospatial Data Cloud platform. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze influencing factors of injuries among primary and middle school students. Results: A total of 2 630 questionnaires were distributed, and 2 627 valid questionnaires were recovered, with a questionnaire validity rate of 99.89%. There were 1 271 boys (48.38%) and 1 356 girls (51.62%), with a mean age of (12.35±1.79) years. A total of 1 348 primary school students (51.31%) and 1 279 middle school students (48.69%) were enrolled. A total of 1 871 students experienced injuries in the past 12 months, with an incidence of 71.22%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that boys (OR=1.321, 95%CI: 1.110-1.571), students from non-intact families (OR=1.327, 95%CI: 1.098-1.603), students whose mothers had non-farming occupations (OR=1.426, 95%CI: 1.111-1.828), those exposed to areas with good air quality index (OR=1.582, 95%CI: 1.138-2.199), fewer than 20 days per month with good or excellent air quality (OR=1.726, 95%CI: 1.293-2.304), high annual average temperature (OR=1.474, 95%CI: 1.161-1.873), and high average altitude (OR=1.628, 95%CI: 1.327-1.998) were associated with higher risk of injuries incidence among primary and middle school students. Conclusions The incidence of injuries among primary and middle school students in Yunnan Province was relatively high and was jointly influenced by demographic characteristics, family environment and environmental exposure factors. Injury prevention and intervention should consider the environmental characteristics of different regions and strengthen injury-related health education and risk management among children and adolescents.