INTRODUCTION: Health literacy plays an essential role in one's ability to acquire and understand critical medical information in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infodemic and in other pandemics. We aimed to summarise the assessment, levels and determinants of pandemic-related health literacy and its associated clinical outcomes. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in Medline ® , Embase ® , PsycINFO ® , CINAHL ® and four major preprint servers. Observational and interventional studies that evaluated health literacy related to the novel COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were included. Items used in health literacy instruments were grouped under the themes of knowledge, attitudes and practices. Determinants of health literacy were grouped into five domains: sociodemographic, medical, psychological/psychiatric, health systems-related and others. RESULTS: Of the 2,065 articles screened, 70 articles were included. Of these, 21, 17 and 32 studies evaluated health literacy related to COVID-19, SARS and MERS, respectively. The rates of low pandemic health literacy ranged from 4.3% to 57.9% among medical-related populations and from 4.0% to 82.5% among nonmedical populations. Knowledge about the symptoms and transmission of infection, worry about infection, and practices related to mask usage and hand hygiene were most frequently evaluated. Sociodemographic determinants of health literacy were most frequently studied, among which higher education level, older age and female gender were found to be associated with better health literacy. No studies evaluated the outcomes associated with health literacy. CONCLUSION The level of pandemic-related health literacy is suboptimal. Healthcare administrators need to be aware of health literacy determinants when formulating policies in pandemics.
Humans ; Health Literacy ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology* ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology* ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Female ; Male

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an intestinal coronavirus that can cause porcine epidemic diarrhea, leading to diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and even death in piglets. Due to the diversity of PEDV strains, traditional vaccines are difficult to sustainably and effectively prevent and control PEDV. This article reviews the strategies and mechanisms of active substances in regulating intracellular signaling pathways, viral proteins, and microbial metabolites to enhance the host immune function against PEDV. It emphasizes the prevention of PEDV resistance and the potential harm of PEDV breaking through interspecies barriers to the human society, aiming to provide reliable theoretical support for the development of new antiviral drugs or vaccines.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/immunology* ; Animals ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/prevention & control* ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology* ; Coronavirus Infections/virology* ; Viral Vaccines/immunology* ; Humans ; Signal Transduction

This study aims to establish an antibody detection method for porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). The recombinant proteins PDCoV-N1 and PDCoV-N2 were expressed via the prokaryotic plasmid pColdII harboring the N gene sequence of the PDCoV strain CH/XJYN/2016. The reactivity and specificity of PDCoV-N1 and PDCoV-N2 with anti-PEDV sera were analyzed after the recombinant proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and purified by the Ni-NTA Superflow Cartridge. Meanwhile, Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence assay were carried out separately to validate the recombinant proteins PDCoV-N1 and PDCoV-N2. Finally, we established an indirect ELISA method based on the recombinant protein PDCoV-N2 after optimizing the conditions and tested the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the method. Then, the established method was employed to examine 102 clinical serum samples. The recombinant protein PDCoV-N2 showed low cross-reactivity with anti-PEDV sera. The optimal conditions of the indirect ELISA method based on PDCoV-N2 were as follows: the antigen coating concentration of 1.25 μg/mL and coating at 37 ℃ for 1 h; blocking by BSA overnight at 4 ℃; serum sample dilution at 1:50 and incubation at 37 ℃ for 1 h; secondary antibody dilution at 1:80 000 and incubation at 37 ℃ for 1 h; color development with TMB chromogenic solution at 37 ℃ for 10 min. The S/P value ≥ 0.45, ≤0.38, and between 0.45 and 0.38 indicated that the test sample was positive, negative, and suspicious, respectively. The testing results of the antisera against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and African swine fever virus (ASFV) showed that the S/P values were all less than 0.38. The testing results of the 800-fold diluted anti-PDCoV sera were still positive. The results of the inter- and intra-batch tests showed that the coefficients of variation of this method were less than 10%. Clinical serum sample test results showed the coincidence rate between this method and neutralization test was 94.12%. In this study, an ELISA method for the detection of anti-PDCoV antibodies was successfully established based on the truncated N protein of PDCoV. This method is sensitive, specific, stable, and reproducible, serving as a new method for the clinical diagnosis of PDCoV.
Animals ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods* ; Swine ; Antibodies, Viral/blood* ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics* ; Deltacoronavirus/isolation & purification* ; Coronavirus Infections/virology* ; Swine Diseases/diagnosis* ; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: To explore the quantitative analysis results of different patterns of chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with coronavirus infection and its relationship with viral load and pathophysiological status. METHODS: A retrospective clinical cohort study was conducted. Patients with coronavirus infection admitted to Qingdao Municipal Hospital from June 9 to 15, 2023 (all patients underwent chest CT examination within 24 hours after diagnosis) were enrolled. The patients were divided into coronavirus infection non-pneumonia group and coronavirus infection associated pneumonia group according to CT findings. Relevant baseline data, such as demographic characteristics, chest CT characteristics, and laboratory indicators within 12 hours before and after CT examination were collected from each group. Spearman correlation test was used to quantitatively analyze the correlation between CT features and laboratory indicators. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of each laboratory index for pneumonia in patients infected with coronavirus. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between different CT patterns such as ground-glass opacity (GGO) and consolidation and ventilatory oxygenation status. RESULTS: A total of 171 patients were enrolled, including 44 patients in the coronavirus infection non-pneumonia group and 127 patients in the coronavirus infection associated pneumonia group (the incidence of pneumonia was 74.3%). Compared with patients with coronavirus infection alone, patients with coronavirus infection associated pneumonia had significantly lower lymphocyte count (LYM), oxygenation index (PaO₂/FiO₂), total lung capacity, GGO volume and GGO ratio, and significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), D-dimer, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) level, real volume variation and consolidation ratio, the differences were all statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences in the nucleocapin protein (N) gene cycle threshold (Ct) value and open reading frame (ORF) gene Ct value between the two groups. ROC curve analysis showed that, after adjusting for age, gender, CRP level and other related factors, compared with N gene Ct value, ORF gene Ct value, N gene Ct value+LYM, ORF gene Ct value+LYM, the LYM had the most potential diagnosis power for coronavirus infection associated pneumonia. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of LYM for predicting coronavirus infection was 0.703. When the cut-off value of LYM was 0.7×10⁹/L, the sensitivity was 55.5%, and the specificity was 79.5%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, when adjusted for consolidation ratio, age, gender, Hb and D-dimer levels, the GGO ratio in patients with coronavirus infection associated pneumonia was correlated with PaO₂/FiO₂ (β = -2.18, P < 0.001). When adjusted for GGO ratio, age, sex, Hb and D-dimer levels, the proportion of consolidation in patients with coronavirus infection associated pneumonia was correlated with PaCO₂ (β = 0.36, P = 0.004). When adjusted for GGO ratio, the proportion of consolidation in patients with coronavirus infection associated pneumonia was also associated with NLR (β = 0.79, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS LYM could be a potential marker for predicting coronavirus associated pneumonia, and the correlation seems to be independent of viral load. In addition, in the analysis of imaging features, GGO is associated with hypoxia, while consolidation is associated with PaCO₂ level and inflammation. The increased proportion of consolidation in the whole lung may be detrimental to lung ventilation.
Humans ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; COVID-19/diagnostic imaging* ; Viral Load ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnostic imaging* ; ROC Curve ; Male ; Lung/diagnostic imaging* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis*

To screen and identify the key host proteins interacting with the non-structural protein 15 (Nsp15) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The IP/pull-down assay and mass spectrometry were employed to screen and identify the host proteins interacting with Nsp15. The interaction between the host protein and Nsp15 was studied by co-immunoprecipitation and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Finally, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were employed to examine the interaction between SLC25a3 and PEDV. The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+)-Flag-Nsp15 was successfully constructed, and the host protein SLC25a3 interacting with PEDV Nsp15 was screened out. An interaction existed between SLC25a3 and Nsp15, and SLC25a3 significantly inhibited PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner. SLC25a3 inhibits PEDV replication. The results of this study provide a basis for deciphering the role and mechanism of SLC25a3 in the host immune response to PEDV infection.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/genetics* ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism* ; Animals ; Swine ; Virus Replication ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary* ; Swine Diseases/metabolism*

Fever is an increase in body temperature beyond the normal range, acting as a protective inflammatory mechanism. This article summarizes diseases with fever encountered in dental clinics, including what is known about pyrexia in coronavirus infection, and further proposes a "six steps in one" identification and analysis strategy to guide the clinical work of stomatology.
Humans ; Dental Clinics ; Fever/diagnosis* ; Coronavirus Infections

Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is currently a global health crisis and is caused by a new strain of coronavirus. However, emerging literature of case reports noted possible extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease. Because COVID 19 is a relatively new disease, at present, little existing literature tackles the diagnosis and therapeutic management of COVID‐19‐related conditions outside the pulmonary system. Case: A 24-year-old male presented with sudden stiffening of all extremities but non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan was unremarkable. Chest X-ray revealed interstitial pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (OPS/NPS) was positive. Electrocardiogram (ECG) findings showed supraventricular tachycardia and had elevated Troponin I levels. Pertinent physical findings noted were slurring of speech, dysmetria, and vertical nystagmus. The patient was initially treated as a case of Bacterial Abscess versus Viral encephalitis. Pericardial ultrasound revealed small pericardial effusion and was started on Colchicine. Repeat cranial CT scan noted unremarkable results but due to persistence of symptoms, the patient was started with Dexamethasone. On Day 16 of illness, the patient was noted to have full resolution of symptoms. Rapid antibody testing was done which revealed positive for both IgG and IgM hence the patient was discharged with the final diagnosis of Viral Myopericarditis resolved, Viral encephalitis resolved, COVID-19 pneumonia recovered. Conclusion Extrapulmonary manifestations have been reported increasingly as an atypical presentation of COVID 19 infection. Early recognition of viral myopericarditis and viral encephalitis as a manifestation of COVID 19 can lead to the initiation of proper treatment and management. More reports on these cases can aid future studies on diagnostics and therapeutic approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 ; Encephalitis, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Coronavirus Infections

In the past, coronavirus caused two serious human-to-human pandemics in the world, including severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） and Middle East respiratory syndrome （MERS）. In late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） caused another major global public health event. Due to the strong infectivity of novel coronavirus, it is difficult to carry out the autopsy of related death cases widely. This paper reviews the previous status of the pathogen detection related to the autopsy of coronavirus infection diseases, and introduces the ongoing detection methods of novel coronavirus in clinical practice, in order to provide reference for the pathogen detection and study related to autopsy of COVID-19.
Autopsy ; COVID-19 ; Communicable Diseases ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2

The aim of this study was to develop a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) based on a biotinylated nanobody target the S1 protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) for detecting the anti-PEDV antibodies and evaluating the immune effect of the vaccine. The gene encoding the single-domain antibody sdAb3 target the PEDV S1 protein was amplified and the Avitag sequence was fused at its 3'-end. The PCR product was cloned into the expression vector pET-21b for expression and purification of the sdAb3-Avitag protein. The purified sdAb3-Avitag fusion protein was biotinylated and its activity was determined. Using the recombinant S1 protein as a coating antigen, a bELISA was established and optimized. Serum samples were tested in parallel by the bELISA and a commercial kit. The recombinant vector pET21b-sdAb3-Avitag was constructed to express the tagged sdAb3. After induction for expression, the biotin-labeled sdAb3 (sdAb3-Biotin) with high purity and good activity was obtained. For the optimized bELISA, the coating concentration of the S1 protein was 200 ng/well, the serum dilution was 1:2 and incubated for 2 h, the dilution ratio of the biotinylated sdAb3 was 1:8 000 and incubated for 30 min, the dilution of the enzyme-labeled antibody was 1:5 000 and incubated for 30 min. The bELISA had no cross reaction with the sera of major porcine viruses including transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and showed good specificity and reproducibility. For a total of 54 porcine serum samples tested, the overall compliance rate of the bELISA with a commercial kit was 92.56%. This study developed a rapid and reliable bELISA method, which can be used for serosurveillance and vaccine evaluation for PEDV.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/genetics* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Single-Domain Antibodies ; Swine ; Swine Diseases

Introduction. The University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) began its operations as a COVID-19 referral center on March 30, 2020. Local studies reporting characteristics of patients in the intensive care units (ICUs) are lacking. Objectives. 1) To describe the baseline characteristics and outcomes of the initial cohort of COVID-19 patients in the medical ICU. 2) To report the initial situation and strategies in the ICU during the first two months of being a COVID-19 referral center. Methods. We conducted a review of records of all patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the medical ICU of UP-PGH between April 1 to May 31, 2020. Patient demographics, comorbidities, APACHE-II score, signs and symptoms, laboratory and radiologic results, respiratory and vasopressor support, and outcomes were collected. Results. Out of 35 patients with confirmed COVID-19, majority were above 60 years old (63%). Hypertension was the most frequent comorbidity (77%). Fever was the most common symptom (51%). The mean duration of symptoms prior admission was 9 ± 7 days. Anemia and leukocytosis with neutrophilia was common. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HSCRP) were elevated in most patients. Majority of patients (66%) had moderate level of hypoxemia on admission. Bilateral pneumonia on chest radiograph was found in 34 patients. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine were the most commonly used drugs. A total of 24 patients (69%) required invasive mechanical ventilation while 15 (43%) needed pressor support. Twenty-two expired (63%) while thirteen (37%) patients were discharged from the medical ICU. Conclusion. The clinical characteristics in our set of patients are consistent with other studies on critically ill patients. Mortality in the medical ICU was high.
Philippines ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Intensive Care Units