Viruses constitute a significant group of pathogens that have caused numerous fatalities and substantial economic losses in recent years, particularly with the emergence of coronaviruses. While the impact of SARS-CoV-2 appears to be diminishing in daily life, only a limited number of drugs have received approval or emergency use authorization for its treatment. Given the high mutation rate of viral genomes, host-directed agents (HDAs) have emerged as a preferred choice due to their broad applicability and lasting effectiveness. In contrast to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), HDAs offer several advantages, including broad-spectrum antiviral activities, potential efficacy against future emerging viruses, and a lower likelihood of inducing drug resistance. In our review article, we have synthesized known host-directed antiviral targets that span diverse cellular pathways and mechanisms, shedding light on the intricate interplay between host cells and viruses. Additionally, we have provided a brief overview of the development of HDAs based on these targets. We aim for this comprehensive analysis to offer valuable perspectives and insights that can guide future antiviral research and drug development efforts.

Objective To investigate the self-healing status of children with abnormal tongue root sounds at different age stages of 4 to 12 years old who have not received articulation training,and to provide correct guidance plans for patients.Methods Through retrospective analysis,114 cases of children diagnosed with functional dysar-thria and abnormal root of tongue in Kunming children's hospital from 2019 to 2020 who refused to do rehabilitation training but could receive long-term outpatient follow-up visit,were selected.The follow-up visit was conducted one year later to reevaluate the root of tongue of the children,and the relationship between the self-healing situation of the children's root of tongue and age and wrong form was statistically analyzed.Results Among the 114 children with abnormal root sound,35 cases(30.70％)healed by themselves.The self-healing rates of each age group were as follows:4～5 years old(45.24％),5～6 years old(27.08％),6～7 years old(14.29％),7～12 years old(10.00％).The self-healing rate of all age groups was significant(x2=8.254,P=0.041).There were 287 fre-quency of errors in 114 cases,among which the self-healing rate of consonant loss was the highest(41.46％),fol-lowed by consonant substitution(40.76％),and consonant distortion was the worst(16.67％).The overall differ-ence of the three error forms was statistically significant(x2=10.003,P=0.007).According to different root sounds,the self-healing rate of/h/sound was the highest(31/60.78％),followed by/k/sound(40,32.26％),and/g/sound was the worst(35,31.25％).There was significant difference among the three root sounds(x2=15.172,P＜0.001).There was no significant difference in the self-healing rate between male and female children(x2=1.311,P=0.252).Conclusion The rate of root sound healing in children with functional articulation disor-der was related to age,wrong form and wrong root sound,but not gender.

Objective:To explore the risk factors and their interation in the incidence of monozygotic twins dur-ing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:The cohort for this investigation comprised 4537 pa-tients who underwent IVF-ET with single embryo transfer,resulting in live births at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital spanning from January 2011 to December 2021.Among this cohort,76 paitients with monozygotic twins were enrolled in the monozygotic twin group.Employing a 5∶1 propensity score matching strategy,380 patients with monozygotic singletons were enrolled in monozygotic singleton group.Using single fac-tor and Lasso regression analysis to correct for the influencing factors of monozygotic twins,using multiple factor Logistic regression to screen for independent risk factors of monozygotic twins and analyze their impact weights,and then performing multiplication and addition interaction analysis on them.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05)between the two groups of patients in terms of age,fertilization method,assisted hatching,embryo type for transfer,embryo transfer method,embryo culture duration,and HCG day estradiol(E2)level.The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that blas-tocyst transfer(OR 2.847,95％CI 1.559-5.199),frozen-thawed embryo transfer(OR 2.640,95％CI 1.354-5.145),and HCG day E2 level(OR 1.783,95％CI 1.033-3.077)were independent risk factors for monozygotic twins(P＜0.05),demonstrating a hierarchical impact sequence of blastocyst transfer(11.60)＞frozen-thawed embryo transfer(6.54)＞HCG day E2(4.32)level.Notably,there was a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level,with an interaction index(S)of 4.690(95％CI 1.896-11.598),relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)of 4.128(95％CI 2.236-6.019),and attributable propor-tion due to interaction(AP)of 0.661(95％CI 0.536-0.786).Conclusions:Blastocyst transfer,frozen-thawed embryo transfer,and HCG day E2 level are risk factors for monozygotic twins,and there is a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level.

Objective:To explore the risk factors and their interation in the incidence of monozygotic twins dur-ing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:The cohort for this investigation comprised 4537 pa-tients who underwent IVF-ET with single embryo transfer,resulting in live births at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital spanning from January 2011 to December 2021.Among this cohort,76 paitients with monozygotic twins were enrolled in the monozygotic twin group.Employing a 5∶1 propensity score matching strategy,380 patients with monozygotic singletons were enrolled in monozygotic singleton group.Using single fac-tor and Lasso regression analysis to correct for the influencing factors of monozygotic twins,using multiple factor Logistic regression to screen for independent risk factors of monozygotic twins and analyze their impact weights,and then performing multiplication and addition interaction analysis on them.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05)between the two groups of patients in terms of age,fertilization method,assisted hatching,embryo type for transfer,embryo transfer method,embryo culture duration,and HCG day estradiol(E2)level.The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that blas-tocyst transfer(OR 2.847,95％CI 1.559-5.199),frozen-thawed embryo transfer(OR 2.640,95％CI 1.354-5.145),and HCG day E2 level(OR 1.783,95％CI 1.033-3.077)were independent risk factors for monozygotic twins(P＜0.05),demonstrating a hierarchical impact sequence of blastocyst transfer(11.60)＞frozen-thawed embryo transfer(6.54)＞HCG day E2(4.32)level.Notably,there was a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level,with an interaction index(S)of 4.690(95％CI 1.896-11.598),relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)of 4.128(95％CI 2.236-6.019),and attributable propor-tion due to interaction(AP)of 0.661(95％CI 0.536-0.786).Conclusions:Blastocyst transfer,frozen-thawed embryo transfer,and HCG day E2 level are risk factors for monozygotic twins,and there is a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level.

BACKGROUND:The impact of the endometrium's structure and spiral artery blood flow parameters on the pregnancy rate of artificial insemination by husband remains unclear.This study identified the independent factors and constructed a prediction model with good clinical application efficacy after calibration of other confounding factors. OBJECTIVE:To construct and validate a clinical pregnancy prediction model for artificial insemination by husband based on endometrial structure and uterine spiral artery blood flow parameters. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1 299 patients who underwent artificial insemination by husband treatment at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2017 to January 2021.The non-pregnancy group consisted of 1 182 patients,while the pregnancy group included 117 patients.Out of these patients,93 cases were successfully matched between the pregnancy and non-pregnancy groups using a 1∶1 propensity score matching method.Single-factor and multi-factor analyses were used to screen the endometrial structure and uterine spiral artery blood flow parameters to determine their influence on artificial insemination by husband outcomes.The optimal cutoff value was established for each independent influencing factor through receiver operating curve analysis and their risk trend affecting artificial insemination by husband pregnancy outcomes was analyzed using a restricted cubic spline.The clinical efficacy of this combined forecast model was tested by using clinical decision curve and clinical influence curve methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)There was no statistical significance in non-endometrial factors between the pregnancy group and the non-pregnancy group,and the data had a good balance by propensity score matching(P>0.05).(2)Single-factor analysis identified several subendometrial parameters as significant influencing factors of artificial insemination by husband pregnancy outcomes,including vascularization index,flow index,vascular flow index,resistance index,pulsatility index,maximum systolic velocity/end-diastolic velocity,thickness of average junction zone and maximum junction zone from the basal endometrium to the outer myometrium inner layer(P<0.05).(3)Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that thickness of average junction zone,pulsatility index,and vascular flow index were independent influencing factors of pregnancy outcomes of artificial insemination by husband,vascular flow index>thickness of average junction zone>pulsatility index.(4)Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of vascular flow index was 0.704(0.629,0.779),and the optimal cutoff value was 6.26;the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of thickness of average junction zone was 0.660(0.582,0.739),and the optimal cutoff value was 6.38;the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of pulsatility index was 0.642(0.563,0.721),and the optimal cutoff value was 1.18.(5)The restricted cubic spline analysis revealed that artificial insemination by husband pregnancy outcomes were significantly positively affected when the vascular flow index was>6.24 or the thickness of average junction zone was≤6.55 mm,while a negative risk was associated with pulsatility index>1.27.(6)The clinical decision curve and clinical influence curve analyses exhibited that the combined prediction model had the maximum clinical net benefit at the threshold probability value of 0.17-0.93,and the ratio of loss to benefit was consistently less than 1 in the threshold probability range,indicating that the model had good clinical efficacy.(7)It is concluded that after adjusting for other confounding factors outside of the endometrium using propensity score matching and multifactorial logistic regression,the thickness of average junction zone,pulsatility index and vascular flow index were independent factors that influenced pregnancy outcomes of artificial insemination by husband.Through determining their optimal cutoff values and assessing their risk trends,it was confirmed that the combined prediction model had good predictive value and clinical efficacy.

Objective:To explore the risk factors and their interation in the incidence of monozygotic twins dur-ing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:The cohort for this investigation comprised 4537 pa-tients who underwent IVF-ET with single embryo transfer,resulting in live births at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital spanning from January 2011 to December 2021.Among this cohort,76 paitients with monozygotic twins were enrolled in the monozygotic twin group.Employing a 5∶1 propensity score matching strategy,380 patients with monozygotic singletons were enrolled in monozygotic singleton group.Using single fac-tor and Lasso regression analysis to correct for the influencing factors of monozygotic twins,using multiple factor Logistic regression to screen for independent risk factors of monozygotic twins and analyze their impact weights,and then performing multiplication and addition interaction analysis on them.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05)between the two groups of patients in terms of age,fertilization method,assisted hatching,embryo type for transfer,embryo transfer method,embryo culture duration,and HCG day estradiol(E2)level.The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that blas-tocyst transfer(OR 2.847,95％CI 1.559-5.199),frozen-thawed embryo transfer(OR 2.640,95％CI 1.354-5.145),and HCG day E2 level(OR 1.783,95％CI 1.033-3.077)were independent risk factors for monozygotic twins(P＜0.05),demonstrating a hierarchical impact sequence of blastocyst transfer(11.60)＞frozen-thawed embryo transfer(6.54)＞HCG day E2(4.32)level.Notably,there was a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level,with an interaction index(S)of 4.690(95％CI 1.896-11.598),relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)of 4.128(95％CI 2.236-6.019),and attributable propor-tion due to interaction(AP)of 0.661(95％CI 0.536-0.786).Conclusions:Blastocyst transfer,frozen-thawed embryo transfer,and HCG day E2 level are risk factors for monozygotic twins,and there is a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level.

Objective:To explore the risk factors and their interation in the incidence of monozygotic twins dur-ing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:The cohort for this investigation comprised 4537 pa-tients who underwent IVF-ET with single embryo transfer,resulting in live births at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital spanning from January 2011 to December 2021.Among this cohort,76 paitients with monozygotic twins were enrolled in the monozygotic twin group.Employing a 5∶1 propensity score matching strategy,380 patients with monozygotic singletons were enrolled in monozygotic singleton group.Using single fac-tor and Lasso regression analysis to correct for the influencing factors of monozygotic twins,using multiple factor Logistic regression to screen for independent risk factors of monozygotic twins and analyze their impact weights,and then performing multiplication and addition interaction analysis on them.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05)between the two groups of patients in terms of age,fertilization method,assisted hatching,embryo type for transfer,embryo transfer method,embryo culture duration,and HCG day estradiol(E2)level.The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that blas-tocyst transfer(OR 2.847,95％CI 1.559-5.199),frozen-thawed embryo transfer(OR 2.640,95％CI 1.354-5.145),and HCG day E2 level(OR 1.783,95％CI 1.033-3.077)were independent risk factors for monozygotic twins(P＜0.05),demonstrating a hierarchical impact sequence of blastocyst transfer(11.60)＞frozen-thawed embryo transfer(6.54)＞HCG day E2(4.32)level.Notably,there was a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level,with an interaction index(S)of 4.690(95％CI 1.896-11.598),relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)of 4.128(95％CI 2.236-6.019),and attributable propor-tion due to interaction(AP)of 0.661(95％CI 0.536-0.786).Conclusions:Blastocyst transfer,frozen-thawed embryo transfer,and HCG day E2 level are risk factors for monozygotic twins,and there is a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level.

Objective:To explore the risk factors and their interation in the incidence of monozygotic twins dur-ing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:The cohort for this investigation comprised 4537 pa-tients who underwent IVF-ET with single embryo transfer,resulting in live births at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital spanning from January 2011 to December 2021.Among this cohort,76 paitients with monozygotic twins were enrolled in the monozygotic twin group.Employing a 5∶1 propensity score matching strategy,380 patients with monozygotic singletons were enrolled in monozygotic singleton group.Using single fac-tor and Lasso regression analysis to correct for the influencing factors of monozygotic twins,using multiple factor Logistic regression to screen for independent risk factors of monozygotic twins and analyze their impact weights,and then performing multiplication and addition interaction analysis on them.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05)between the two groups of patients in terms of age,fertilization method,assisted hatching,embryo type for transfer,embryo transfer method,embryo culture duration,and HCG day estradiol(E2)level.The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that blas-tocyst transfer(OR 2.847,95％CI 1.559-5.199),frozen-thawed embryo transfer(OR 2.640,95％CI 1.354-5.145),and HCG day E2 level(OR 1.783,95％CI 1.033-3.077)were independent risk factors for monozygotic twins(P＜0.05),demonstrating a hierarchical impact sequence of blastocyst transfer(11.60)＞frozen-thawed embryo transfer(6.54)＞HCG day E2(4.32)level.Notably,there was a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level,with an interaction index(S)of 4.690(95％CI 1.896-11.598),relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)of 4.128(95％CI 2.236-6.019),and attributable propor-tion due to interaction(AP)of 0.661(95％CI 0.536-0.786).Conclusions:Blastocyst transfer,frozen-thawed embryo transfer,and HCG day E2 level are risk factors for monozygotic twins,and there is a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level.

Objective:To explore the risk factors and their interation in the incidence of monozygotic twins dur-ing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:The cohort for this investigation comprised 4537 pa-tients who underwent IVF-ET with single embryo transfer,resulting in live births at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital spanning from January 2011 to December 2021.Among this cohort,76 paitients with monozygotic twins were enrolled in the monozygotic twin group.Employing a 5∶1 propensity score matching strategy,380 patients with monozygotic singletons were enrolled in monozygotic singleton group.Using single fac-tor and Lasso regression analysis to correct for the influencing factors of monozygotic twins,using multiple factor Logistic regression to screen for independent risk factors of monozygotic twins and analyze their impact weights,and then performing multiplication and addition interaction analysis on them.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05)between the two groups of patients in terms of age,fertilization method,assisted hatching,embryo type for transfer,embryo transfer method,embryo culture duration,and HCG day estradiol(E2)level.The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that blas-tocyst transfer(OR 2.847,95％CI 1.559-5.199),frozen-thawed embryo transfer(OR 2.640,95％CI 1.354-5.145),and HCG day E2 level(OR 1.783,95％CI 1.033-3.077)were independent risk factors for monozygotic twins(P＜0.05),demonstrating a hierarchical impact sequence of blastocyst transfer(11.60)＞frozen-thawed embryo transfer(6.54)＞HCG day E2(4.32)level.Notably,there was a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level,with an interaction index(S)of 4.690(95％CI 1.896-11.598),relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)of 4.128(95％CI 2.236-6.019),and attributable propor-tion due to interaction(AP)of 0.661(95％CI 0.536-0.786).Conclusions:Blastocyst transfer,frozen-thawed embryo transfer,and HCG day E2 level are risk factors for monozygotic twins,and there is a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level.

Objective:To explore the risk factors and their interation in the incidence of monozygotic twins dur-ing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:The cohort for this investigation comprised 4537 pa-tients who underwent IVF-ET with single embryo transfer,resulting in live births at Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital spanning from January 2011 to December 2021.Among this cohort,76 paitients with monozygotic twins were enrolled in the monozygotic twin group.Employing a 5∶1 propensity score matching strategy,380 patients with monozygotic singletons were enrolled in monozygotic singleton group.Using single fac-tor and Lasso regression analysis to correct for the influencing factors of monozygotic twins,using multiple factor Logistic regression to screen for independent risk factors of monozygotic twins and analyze their impact weights,and then performing multiplication and addition interaction analysis on them.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05)between the two groups of patients in terms of age,fertilization method,assisted hatching,embryo type for transfer,embryo transfer method,embryo culture duration,and HCG day estradiol(E2)level.The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that blas-tocyst transfer(OR 2.847,95％CI 1.559-5.199),frozen-thawed embryo transfer(OR 2.640,95％CI 1.354-5.145),and HCG day E2 level(OR 1.783,95％CI 1.033-3.077)were independent risk factors for monozygotic twins(P＜0.05),demonstrating a hierarchical impact sequence of blastocyst transfer(11.60)＞frozen-thawed embryo transfer(6.54)＞HCG day E2(4.32)level.Notably,there was a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level,with an interaction index(S)of 4.690(95％CI 1.896-11.598),relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)of 4.128(95％CI 2.236-6.019),and attributable propor-tion due to interaction(AP)of 0.661(95％CI 0.536-0.786).Conclusions:Blastocyst transfer,frozen-thawed embryo transfer,and HCG day E2 level are risk factors for monozygotic twins,and there is a significant positive additive interaction between embryo transfer type and HCG day E2 level.