AIM: To assess changes in the superficial retinal microvasculature of the macular and optic nerve head in patients diagnosed with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia by using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 25 pregnant females diagnosed with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in first hospital of Shanxi medical University between September 2020 and January 2021 were included in this study. The patients consisted of 10 cases with gestational hypertension, 9 cases with mild preeclampsia, and 6 cases with severe preeclampsia. Furthermore, a sample of 25 healthy pregnant females and 25 healthy non-pregnant females from our hospital during the same term was collected. OCTA was utilized to quantify the vascular density(VD)and perfusion density(PD)of the macular and optic nerve head in superficial retina. The changes of retinal microvascular parameters in the right eyes were analyzed and compared in each group.RESULTS: Central VD, inner VD, central PD and inner PD of the macula were significantly lower in patients with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia compared to both healthy pregnant female and healthy non-pregnant female(all P<0.05). Inner PD of optic nerve head were significantly reduced in individuals with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia compared with healthy pregnant female and non-pregnant females(all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in VD and PD of the macula and optic nerve head among patients with gestational hypertension, mild preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia(all P>0.05). There were no significant differences in VD and PD of the macula and optic nerve head between healthy pregnant female and healthy non-pregnant female(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION: OCTA is more effective in visualizing the alterations in superficial retinal microvasculature in patients with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. It has been observed that there is a reduction in VD and PD in the macula and optic nerve head even before the development of noticeable retinopathy in patients with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. OCTA can aid in the early detection of microvascular alterations in individuals with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.

Background and purpose:The Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention provides annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in Shanghai.This study aimed to investigate the cancer incidence and mortality in 201 7 and their trends from 2002 to 2017 in Shanghai. Methods:Data of new cancer diagnoses and deaths from 2002 to 2017 were obtained from the Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention population-based cancer registry and Vital Statistics System.Cancer incidence and mortality stratified by year of diagnosis or death,gender and age group were analyzed.Number,proportion,crude rate,age-specific rate,age-standardized rate and others were calculated.The number,proportion and rates of common cancers in different groups were also calculated.Trends in age-standardized rate of incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the common cancer types by gender were estimated by joinpoint analysis and characterized by the annual percent change(APC)and average annual percent change(AAPC).Segi's 1960 world standard population was used for calculating age-standardized incidence and mortality. Results:The new cancer cases and deaths were 79 378 and 37 186 in Shanghai in 2017.The crude rate of incidence was 546.55/105,and the age-standardized rate was 246.31/105.The age-standardized rate of incidence was higher among females than among males.The crude rate of mortality was 256.04/1 05,and the age-standardized rate was 88.41/105.The age-standardized rate of mortality was higher among males than among females.The age-specific numbers and rates of incidence and mortality increased with age.The age-specific number and rate of incidence reached the peak at the age groups of 60-64 years and older than 85 years,and those of mortality among males reached the peak at the age groups of 60-64 years and older than 85 years,and those of mortality among females reached the peak at the age groups of older than 85 years,respectively.The sites of top 10 common cancer types sorted by the number of incidence cases among males were lung,colorectum,stomach,prostate,liver,thyroid,pancreas,bladder,kidney and oesophagus,and among females were lung,breast,thyroid,colorectum,stomach,pancreas,liver,brain,central nervous system(CNS),cervix uteri and gallbladder,the sites of those sorted by the number of deaths among males were lung,stomach,colorectum,liver,pancreas,prostate,oesophagus,bladder,lymphoma and gallbladder,among females were lung,colorectum,breast,stomach,pancreas,liver,gallbladder,brain,CNS,ovary and lymphoma.The top 10 common cancer types stratified by gender and the top 5 common cancer types stratified by common age groups merged of incidence and mortality had wide variations.Overall,the age-standardized rates of incidence were stable from 2002 to 2009,and increased 2.88％on average per year from 2009 to 201 7.The age-standardized rates of mortality were stable from 2002 to 2011,and decreased 2.66％on average per year from 2011 to 201 7.The trends differed by gender and cancer type. Conclusion:Lung cancer,colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer,thyroid cancer,female breast cancer,cervical cancer and male prostate cancer are the most common cancers in Shanghai,the appropriate screening technical scheme should be formulated according to the current situation of malignant tumors in Shanghai,promote cancer opportunistic screening,promote appropriate technologies for intervention and management of cancer patients in the community,reduce the disease burden of malignant tumors.

Objective:To investigate the survival of cancer cases diagnosed during 2002-2013 in Shanghai. Methods:Data on new cancer cases with dead and follow-up information were obtained from the population-based cancer registry and vital statistics system of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Survival indicators stratified by year of diagnosis,gender,site and age were analyzed.Number of cases and proportion were calculated.The observed survival rates were calculated based on the life table.The probabilities of surviving from 0 to 99 years old were estimated according to the Elandt-Johnson model,and then the cumulative expected survival rates were calculated according to the Ederer Ⅱ method.Finally,the relative survival rates and average annual percent changes of their trends were calculated.The age-standardized relative survival rates adjusted by International Cancer Survival Standard weights were calculated. Results:Total 644 520 new cancer cases were diagnosed during 2002-2013 in Shanghai,accounting for 643 545(99.85％)cases included in the observed cohort for survival analysis.The 5-year observed survival rate increased from 37.61％to 46.47％.The 5-year relative survival rate increased from 42.1 8％to 51.11％.The 5-year age-standardized relative survival rate increased from 40.57％to 49.80％.Among the 5-year relative survival rates of cases diagnosed during 2011 to 2013,99.43％of thyroid cancer was the highest,followed by female breast cancer(88.35％)and corpus uteri cancer(85.56％);5.87％of pancreas cancer was the lowest,followed by gallbladder cancer(13.64％)and oesophagus cancer(17.72％).the rate of lung cancer with the largest number of cases was 23.59％,followed by colorectal cancer(59.82％)and stomach cancer(38.65％).The 5-year relative survival rate of total cases of all sites increased from 40.55％in 2002 to 52.77％in 2013,with an average annual percent change of 2.40％.13 cancer types showed increasing trends,such as liver cancer and lung cancer,while the trends of other cancer types were not statistically significant,such as pancreatic cancer and gallbladder cancer. Conclusion:The diagnostic levels and survival rates of cancer cases have been improved continuously in Shanghai.The trends of different cancer types were varied.

Objective:More than half of esophageal cancer incidences and deaths occurred in China.Based on the Shanghai Tumor Registration data,this study analyzed the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in Shanghai in 2016 and the changing trend from 2002 to 2016,in order to provide an epidemic basis for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer. Methods:Data on esophageal cancer in Shanghai from 2002 to 2016 were obtained through Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Population-based Cancer Registry and Vital Statistics System.The number of cases and deaths,crude rates,composition ratios,age-specific rates and cumulative rates were counted according to the year of diagnosis or death,gender and age groups.Segi's 1960 world standard population was used to calculate age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality,and corresponding truncated age-standardized rate(35-64 years old)on esophageal cancer.Z-test and Cochran test were used to compare the differences of age-specific rates and age-standardized rates among different subgroups,respectively.Temporal trend analyses were conducted by Joinpiont 4.9.1.0 software. Results:In 2016,the proportion of morphological verification of new cases of esophageal cancer in Shanghai was 73.1 8％,the proportion of death certificate only was 0.72％,and the ratio of death to incidence was 0.84.The number of new cases and deaths of esophageal cancer in Shanghai in 2016 were 1 398 and 1 171,accounting for 1.88％and 3.1 6％of all malignant tumors,respectively.The crude incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer were 9.65/100 000 and 8.09/100000,with age-standardized incidence and mortality of 3.36/100 000 and 2.67/100,000,respectively.The age-standardized incidence and mortality were significantly higher in males than in females.The age-specific incidence and mortality increased with age,and peaked at 50.54/100 000 and 53.35/1 00 000,respectively,among people aged 85 years and older.From 2002 to 2016,both the number of new cases and deaths of esophageal cancer in Shanghai showed a downward trend,and the age-standardized incidence and mortality also showed a downward trend,with an average annual deceleration of 4.45％[annual percent change(APC)=-4.45,P＜0.001]and 4.1 7％(APC=-4.17,P＜0.001),respectively. Conclusion:The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in Shanghai were at a low epidemic level across China,and showed a downward trend from 2002 to 2016.Esophageal cancer screening should focus on males and subjects aged 55 to 64 years.

Objective:To describe the epidemiological features and temporal trends of colorectal cancer in urban Shanghai from 1973 to 2017. Methods:Data on colorectal cancer in urban Shanghai was obtained through Shanghai Cancer Registry and Vital Statistics System.Joinpoint analysis was used to describe the temporal trends and annual percent change(APC)and age-period-cohort analysis was used to estimate the association between age,period and birth cohort and colorectal cancer. Results:A total of 105 847 cases and 60 447 deaths of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in urban Shanghai over the 45-year study period.Both the number of new cases and the number of deaths showed an increasing trend.In the same period,the age-standardized incidence of colorectal cancer in urban areas of Shanghai increased significantly from 14.1/100 000 in 1973 to 27.7/100 000 in 2017,while the age-standardized mortality rate increased from 8.2/100 000 to 10.7/100 000.The overall average annual age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were 20.4/100 000 and 11.0/100 000,respectively.With the increase of age,the age-standardized morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer showed an obvious upward trend.Taking 1993-1997 as reference,the risk of colorectal cancer in Shanghai reached the highest in 2013-2017,and the corresponding relative risk was 1.2(95％confidence interval:1.2-1.3),while the lowest was 0.9(95％confidence interval:0.8-1.0)during 1973-1977.Mortality risk,on the contrary,decreased with the increase of time.Before 1953-1957,the risk of colorectal cancer in urban Shanghai increased with the increase of birth cohort time,and then showed a downward trend.There was a corresponding decline in the risk of colorectal cancer death among people born after 1957. Conclusion:The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in Shanghai showed an increasing trend from 1973 to 2017,but the prevalence trend of colorectal cancer is still different among different populations.

Objective To investigate the current status of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection in the general surgery department of a tertiary first-class hospital, and understand the efficacy of comprehensive intervention measures.Methods Targeted monitoring on MDROs was implemented among patients who were hospitalized in a general surgery department for>48 hours between March 2015 and October 2016, comprehensive intervention measures were taken since January 2016.MDRO infection before and after intervention was compared.Results Between March 2015 and October 2016, a total of 6 406 hospitalized patients were monitored, 155(2.42%) developed MDRO infection.The most common infection sites were abdominal cavity(hydrops, bile) (n=76, 49.03%) and surgical site (n=43, 27.74%).MDRO infection rate dropped from 2.79% (99/3 549) before intervention (March-December, 2015) to 1.96% (56/2 857) after intervention (January-October, 2016) (x2=4.612, P=0.032).There was no difference in MDROs between before and after intervention, the major were both Escherichia coli.Conclusion Comprehensive intervention measures can reduce the incidence of MDRO infection in the general surgery department of this hospital.

Objective To identify and analyze the genetic characterization of rubella viruses isolated in Chongqing from 2011 to 2016 ,so as to provide molecular epidemiological evidence for rubella prevention and control .Methods Virus samples isolated from Chongqing city from 2011 to 2016 for detection of rubella virus nucleic acid were collected ,and their genotypes were identified by sequence analysis .Phylogenetic tree construction and genetic distance analysis were carried out among rubella virus types ,reference strains and other provinces and cities in GenBank .Results The predominant genotype from 2011 to 2013 was 1E (94/103) ,from 2014 to 2016 was 2B (50/56) .Only one strain of genotype 2A was found in 2014 .The homology of 1E genotype between Chongqing and other provinces was 97 .63% to 99 .73% ,with an average of 98 .90% .The homology of 2B genotype between Chongqing and other provinces was 95 .77% to 99 .73% ,with an average of 98 .30% .The Chongqing rubella viruses strains didn′t isolate form oth-er province strains of China in phylogenetic tree .Conclusion The predominant genotype 1E of rubella virus in Chongqing was grad-ually replaced by 2B in recent years .The rubella virus genotypes in Chongqing are changing ,and the dominant strains are in a state of coevolution with other provinces and cities .

BACKGROUND:At present, spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury is considered as the main reason for secondary paralysis after spinal decompression, and to control the levels of stress-related proteins and excitatory amino acids plays an important role in the treatment of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression level of protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3) after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits. METHODS:Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were enrolled, the models of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury were established using Zivin's method, and were then randomized into six groups (n=6 per group). The rabbit abdominal aorta in control group was exposed without vascular occlusion and then the abdominal cavity was closed 30 minutes later. In experimental groups, the abdominal aorta was blocked for 30 minutes, followed by 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours of reperfusion, and then the abdominal cavity was closed. The neurological function was evaluated with a modified Tarlov score. The L3-5lumbar vertebrae were removed, and PDIA3 was screened by two-dimensional fluorescence differential gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry, and then its temporal and spatial changes in the spinal cord were detected by western blot assay and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The function of hind limbs was improved in all the experimental groups after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, and the modified Tarlov scores reached the peak at 24 hours after schemia/reperfusion injury, and decreased slightly at 48 hours. The expression of PDIA3 in the control group showed clear imprinting, which was slightly strengthened at 0 hour, became more strengthened at 6-12 hours, significantly reduced to the minimum level at 24 hours, and returned to the level of 6-12 hours at 48 hours after ischemia/reperfusion. Immunohistochemical results showed that there was visible PDIA3 in the cytoplasm of neurons, and the expression level in the interneurons was significantly higher than that in the motor neurons. These results suggest that upregulated PDIA3 appears in the development and progression of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, indicating that PDIA3 is closely related to spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, which can be used as a new diagnosis and treatment target.

Objective To compare the detection performance of the modified serum test (TRUST) method and the traditional method in syphilis screening.Methods A series of TRUST high titer syphilis serum was diluted,and the positive rate of each method was calculated by using the improved method and the traditional method.Comparison of two detection methods of C50,C5 ～ C95 interval,as well as the accuracy of the density curve,and the consistency of the two methods were compared,and diagnostic performance were compared.Results The improved method of C50 was less than the traditional method of C50,and the improved method of C5 ～ C95 range was narrower than the traditional method,compared with the traditional method.The improved method of the non precision density curve was steeper than the traditional method,and the two confidence interval of the consistency degree of the 95％ methods was 73.4％ to 95.8％.The diagnostic sensitivity (SEN),diagnostic specificity (SPE),positive predictive value (PPV),negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic efficiency(DF) of the improved method were 64.29 ％,99.1％,85.71％,97.05 ％ and 96.39 ％,respectively.The SEN,SPE,PPV,NPV and DF of the traditional methods were 3.75 ％,98.49 ％,75 ％,96.18 ％ and 95 ％,respectively.The improved method was superior to the traditional methods in the two aspects of SEN and PPV (x2 =8.25,10.03,all P＜0.05),with the statistically significant difference.The improved method was slightly higher than the traditional method in SPE,NPV and DF (x2 =2.39,3.45,4.03,all P＞0.05),with the no statistically significant difference.Conclusion The precision,diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of the improved method was higher than that of the traditional method,and it can be applied to the detection of large batch samples with the aid of the full automatic enzyme immunoassay instrument.The improved method can be used to replace the traditional method for syphilis screening.

Background and purpose:China is a high incidence area of liver cancer. The latest monitoring data in Shanghai show that liver cancer is one of the most common cancers with very high disease burden. This study aimed to describe and analyze the population-based survival rates of patients with liver cancer in Shanghai.Methods:Data of liver cancer cases diagnosed between 2002 and 2006, including follow-up information and death report, were collected from Shanghai Cancer Registry. Life table and Ederer Ⅱ were used to calculate observed survival (OS) and relative survival (RS). The related demographic characteristics and status were also analyzed to relfect the survival situations of the liver cancer survivors in major areas of Shanghai.Results:In this study, 20 702 liver cancer cases were included in analysis. Five-year OS rate for liver cancer was 11.72%, whereas RS rate was 15.45%. The OS of male liver cancer patients was higher than that of female patients. Patients whose age ranged from 0-34 years had the highest survival rates than patients from other age groups. The survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was higher than that of patients with other histologic types of liver cancer. Signiifcant difference in survival had also been found among patients with various stages of liver cancer. The survival rate of patients with stageⅠliver cancer was much higher than that of patients with stageⅢ andⅣ liver cancers. There was no signiifcant difference in the survival of liver cancer patients between urban and rural residents. Over the past 3 decades, the 5-year OS increased dramatically in Shanghai. Conclusion:The survival of patients with liver cancer in Shanghai is improved signiifcantly. The prognosis is poor compared with other common malignant tumors. It is necessary to strengthen the risk factors and high-risk population control and intervention in the future.