The intentional suppression of memory retrieval to achieve directed forgetting is a crucial adaptive function for individuals.In psychotherapy theory,such active forgetting is often associated with trauma,where in individuals actively exclude trauma-related negative memories from awareness to reduce unpleasant emotional experiences.Based on the"go/no-go"task paradigm,researchers developed the"think/no-think"(TNT)paradigm,and through this paradigm,they have revealed that individuals can achieve active forgetting by suppressing the retrieval of previously encoded memories.Patients with depressive disorders often exhibit cognitive processing biases toward negative information.Compared to healthy populations,they demonstrate impaired memory retrieval suppression in TNT tasks,especially for negative memories.This deficit in retrieval suppression makes negative memories more susceptible to reactivation,triggering negative emotions and perpetuating a vicious cycle.Relevant neuroimaging results show that during memory retrieval suppression,the lateral prefrontal lobe exerts top-down control through relevant regions to modulate memory processing of hippocampus,thereby blocking intentional recall.Abnormalities in the prefrontal-hippocampal inhibitory pathway and hyperactivation of the amygdala in depressed individuals may be the underlying neural mechanisms for their impaired suppression of negative memory retrieval.This article provides a review focusing on the negative memory bias exhibited in depressed individuals in the TNT task and the exploration of its underlying mechanisms.It summarizes relevant research findings with the aim of offering references for the development of precise psychotherapies and novel approaches targeting the improvement of specific symptom clusters.

The intentional suppression of memory retrieval to achieve directed forgetting is a crucial adaptive function for individuals.In psychotherapy theory,such active forgetting is often associated with trauma,where in individuals actively exclude trauma-related negative memories from awareness to reduce unpleasant emotional experiences.Based on the"go/no-go"task paradigm,researchers developed the"think/no-think"(TNT)paradigm,and through this paradigm,they have revealed that individuals can achieve active forgetting by suppressing the retrieval of previously encoded memories.Patients with depressive disorders often exhibit cognitive processing biases toward negative information.Compared to healthy populations,they demonstrate impaired memory retrieval suppression in TNT tasks,especially for negative memories.This deficit in retrieval suppression makes negative memories more susceptible to reactivation,triggering negative emotions and perpetuating a vicious cycle.Relevant neuroimaging results show that during memory retrieval suppression,the lateral prefrontal lobe exerts top-down control through relevant regions to modulate memory processing of hippocampus,thereby blocking intentional recall.Abnormalities in the prefrontal-hippocampal inhibitory pathway and hyperactivation of the amygdala in depressed individuals may be the underlying neural mechanisms for their impaired suppression of negative memory retrieval.This article provides a review focusing on the negative memory bias exhibited in depressed individuals in the TNT task and the exploration of its underlying mechanisms.It summarizes relevant research findings with the aim of offering references for the development of precise psychotherapies and novel approaches targeting the improvement of specific symptom clusters.

Objective:To explore the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of a novel suture instrument for closure of full thickness defects of the gastric wall under gastroscopy.Methods:Ten pigs were used as experimental animals. Perforation model (30 mm in long diameter) was created in the stomach of each pig. The perforations were then closed by the novel suture instrument under gastroscopy. The completion time and efficacy of each perforation repair were recorded. The pigs were euthanized 14 days after the procedure. The healing condition was observed under gastroscopy. A postmortem examination was performed to observe the abdominal infection and healing condition of perforation. Ascites sample was taken for bacterial culture.The stomach biopsy were taken for histopathologic examination.Results:All gastric perforation models in the 10 pigs were established successfully. Endoscopic closure for the stomach perforation was technically successful in all 10 pigs. The procedure time was 34.10±10.32 minutes. All animals survived. Gastroscopy and necropsy showed that the perforation healed well with local adhesion. One pig developed abdominal infection. Ascites culture were negative in 9 cases, 1 bacterial infection was caused by Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichiacoli. The pathology results showed that the muscular layer of the gastric wall defect in the entire group was well repaired. Conclusion:The novel suture instrument is safe and effective in repairing full-thickness gastric wall defects under ordinary single clamp gastroscopy, providing an experimental basis for further clinical research.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy and effects on cognitive function of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) and modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) in the treatment of major depressive episode (MDE).Methods:From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021, 40 patients who met the MDE diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) were selected in Shanghai Mental Health Center. Participants were randomly assigned to MECT therapy group (20 patients) and MST therapy group (20 patients) using the random number table method. Both groups received MECT or MST while using serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The 17-items Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD 17) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were performed before and after treatment. HAMD 17 reduction rate and effective rate were the main assessment indicators, while RBANS total score and factor scores were considered as the secondary assessment indicators. T-test was used to compare the reduction rate of HAMD 17 between the two groups, and corrected Chi-square test or Fisher′s exact probability method was used to compare the effective rate of treatment between the two groups. HAMD 17 scores and RBANS scores before and after treatment were compared using two-factor repeated measure ANOVA. Results:There were no significant differences in baseline HAMD 17 scores and RBANS scores between 2 groups( t=0.29, P=0.773; t=0.67, P=0.509). The treatment effective rate in the MECT group was 90% (18/20), and the average reduction rate of HAMD 17 was 67.9%. Meanwhile, the effective rate of MST group was 75% (15/20), and the average reduction rate of HAMD 17 was 60.9%. There was no significant difference in the reduction rate and effective rate of HAMD 17 between the two groups ( t=0.69, P=0.493; χ2=0.16, P=0.693). The total scores and factor scores of RBANS after treatment were lower than those before treatment, with statistical significance(total scores: F=19.29, P<0.001;immediate memory score: F=6.22, P=0.020; language function score: F=9.13, P=0.006;attention score: F=5.23, P=0.031;delayed memory score: F=35.90, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the total scores and factor scores of RBANS before and after treatment in MST group(total scores: F=0.49, P=0.490;immediate memory score: F=2.25, P=0.147;language function score: F=1.22, P=0.280;attention score: F=0.23, P=0.640;delayed memory score: F=0.02, P=0.887). Conclusions:The efficacy of MST treatment and MECT treatment in treating MDE patients seems to be comparable. MDE patients receiving MST had less impact on cognitive function compared to those treated with MECT.

Melatonin is widely used as an over-the-counter medication to treat insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurogenetic disorders (NGD). However, there is still a lack of research on its efficacy and safety, and clinical practice standards are to be established. In response, the International Pediatric Sleep Association (IPSA) convened an expert panel and developed a consensus statement:"Melatonin Use in Managing Insomnia in Children with Autism and Other Neurogenetic Disorders-an Assessment by the International Pediatric Sleep Association (IPSA)", which was published in Sleep Medicine, April 2024. The consensus focused on the efficacy and adverse effects of melatonin treatment for insomnia in children with ASD and NGD-including Smith-Magenis syndrome, Rett syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. It systematically reviews randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted between 2012 and 2022, and integrates current best clinical practices to formulate 10 consensus recommendations. Despite these contributions, the consensus has limitations: a small number of included RCTs, a lack of grading for evidence quality, and recommendation strength. Furthermore, the study population is primarily composed of children from Western countries. This article seeks to interpret the consensus to improve standardized use of melatonin for insomnia in Chinese children with ASD and NGD, and to provide a reference for the future development of localized evidence-based guidelines.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between cuprotosis-realted gene DLD expression in pan-cancer and progno-sis,tumor microenvironment and tumor immune infiltration by bioinformatics methods combined with multiple databases.Methods:TCGA,GTEx,TISDB,GEO,UCSC,TARGET,TIMER2.0,GEPIA2,SangerBox,PrognoScan and related R software packages were used to analyze the difference of DLD expression between human cancer and adjacent normal tissues,inestigate relationship between prognosis,explore expression of DLD in different immune subtypes and molecular subtypes of human cancer,analyze correlation between DLD expression and tumor immune infiltration and tumor microenvironment,detecet relationship between DLD expression and 60 immune checkpoint genes.Results:There were differences in expression of DLD in different tumor tissues;low DLD expression in 6 tumors and high DLD expression in 3 tumors were significantly associated with better prognosis;15 tumor immune subtypes,11 molecular subtypes of tumors were significantly correlated with DLD expression;DLD expression was significantly correlated with immune infiltration in 37 cancer types;DLD expression was significantly associated with immune infiltration in 23 tumor stroma scores,26 tumor immune scores and 25 tumor ESTIMATE scores;60 immune checkpoint genes in 39 tumors were significantly associated with DLD expression.Conclusion:Expression of DLD in pan-cancer is related to tumor prognosis and immune invasion,DLD may be a potential predictor of prognosis in tumors,and may be an immunomodulator of tumors.

Objective:To explore the mechanism that leads to the formation of medical insurance fraud,in order to propose countermeasures and suggestions for preventing medical insurance fraud.Methods:Taking 30 provinces and cities in China as research objects,Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Necessary Condition Analysis are applied to explore the configuration paths that lead to medical insurance fraud.Results:A single factor does not constitute a necessary condition for a high incidence of Medicare insurance fraud.There are four grouping paths that lead to a high incidence of Medicare insurance fraud,namely,the dominant factor of poor medical insurance operation status,the dual auxiliary factor of low informationization level and weak regulatory mechanism under the dominant status of poor medical insurance operation,the auxiliary pathway of low economic level under the dual dominance factors of poor medical insurance operation and low informationization level,and the three dominant factors of poor medical insurance operation as well as weak regulatory mechanism and low economic level.Conclusion:Medical insurance fraud is caused by multiple factors,therefore the following prevention strategies are proposed,focusing on rectifying and breaking through difficult problems,strengthening regulatory effectiveness through departmental linkage,enhancing regulatory accuracy through technological empowerment,and improving long-term mechanisms by addressing both symptoms and root causes.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum homocysteine(Hcy),hemoglobin(HGB)and hematocrit(HCT)levels and the severity of condition and inflammatory factor levels in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis.Methods A total of 122 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis admitted to a hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected as the disease group,and the disease group was di-vided into mild group(n=63)and severe group(n=59)according to pathological grades,and 106 healthy volunteers who underwent physical examination in a hospital during the same period were selected as the con-trol group.Clinical data of patients were collected and binary Logistic regression analysis was performed to an-alyze the factors affecting the severity of patients'condition,and Pearson correlation analysis was used to ana-lyze the correlation between Hcy,HGB,HCT and the levels of inflammatory factors.Receiver operating char-acteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to analyze the diagnostic value of Hcy,HGB and HCT on the severity of patients'condition.Results Compared with the control group,the serum Hcy level in the diseased group was increased,the serum HGB and HCT levels were decreased,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with the mild group,the serum Hcy level in the severe group was increased,the HGB and HCT levels were decreased,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with mild group,the levels of C-reactive protein(CRP),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-6 in se-vere group were increased,and the levels of IL-10 were decreased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).Bi-nary Logistic regression analysis showed that Hcy and CRP were the risk factors affecting the severity of pa-tients'condition(P<0.05),and HCT,HGB and IL-10 were the protective factors affecting the severity of pa-tients'condition(P<0.05).Hcy was positively correlated with CRP,TNF-α and IL-6,and negatively correla-ted with IL-10(P<0.05).HGB and HCT were negatively correlated with CRP,TNF-α and IL-6,and posi-tively correlated with IL-10(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of serum Hcy,HGB,HCT and the combined diagnosis of the severity of patients'condition were 0.834,0.814,0.822 and 0.923,respectively,and the combined diagnosis value of the three was significantly better than that of Hcy(Z=2.519,P=0.012),HGB(Z=2.660,P=0.008)and HCT(Z=2.596,P=0.009)alone.Conclusion The increase of serum Hcy and the decrease of serum HGB and HCT in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis are correlated with the severity of the patient's condition and the level of inflammatory factors.The combined de-tection of the three can be used for the diagnosis of the severity of chronic atrophic gastritis.

Objective To explore the potential targets and mechanism of Gufang Granules in treating osteoporosis through network pharmacology,molecular dynamics simulations,and in vitro experiment validation.Methods The active components of Gufang Granules were obtained from the TCMSP database and literature,and their related targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction database.Core drug targets were selected through protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis and machine learning models,and the predictive performance of the models was assessed by drawing receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves on independent validation datasets.Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA)was used to analyze the expression and pathways of core targets.Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations were applied to evaluate the structural stability and interactions of the compound-target complexes.Non-cytotoxic concentrations of Gufang Granules containing serum were determined by the CCK-8 assay.RAW264.7 cells were treated with low,medium,and high concentrations of drug containing serum,respectively.The number of osteoclasts was quantified using TRAP staining.The expression levels of relevant genes and proteins were analyzed through qRT-PCR and Western blot methods.Results A total of 251 potential active components and 1 078 related targets of Gufang Granules were identified.The high expressions of core targets SRC and TNF were mainly associated with osteoclast differentiation,MAPK signaling pathway and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.MD simulations showed that the core active component Glabridin exhibited strong stability and interaction with the SRC and TNF target proteins.The number of TRAP positive cells in all concentration groups of Gufang Granules was significantly reduced compared to the RANKL group(P<0.01,P<0.001).The serum containing Gufang Granules significantly reduced the mRNA expression of NFATc1,CTSK,SRC and TNF-α,and also downregulated the protein expression of NFATc1,CTSK,p-SRC and TNF-α(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).Conclusion Gufang Granules may inhibit osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the expression of NFATc1,CTSK,p-SRC and TNF-α,thereby slowing the pathological progression of osteoporosis.

Dysfunction of the interoceptive system is recognized as an important component of clinical symptoms, including anxiety, depression, psychosis, and other mental disorders. Non-invasive neuromodulation is an emerging clinical intervention approach, and over the past decade, research on non-invasive neuromodulation aimed at regulating interoception has rapidly developed. This review first outlines the pathways of interoceptive signals and assessment methods, then summarizes the interoceptive abnormalities in psychiatric disorders and current studies for non-invasive neuromodulation targeting interoception, including intervention modes, target sites, interoceptive measures, and potential neurobiological mechanisms. Finally, we discuss significant research challenges and future directions.
Humans ; Interoception/physiology* ; Mental Disorders/therapy*