Iron,a vital trace element and redox-active metal in the human body,is pivotal in cellular processes and en-gages in a multitude of biological reactions.Ferroptosis,an emerging form of regulated cell death,is predominantly instiga-ted by the excessive free iron that catalyzes reactive oxygen species(ROS)production via the Fenton reaction.This process results in the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids within the cellular lipid membrane,compromising the membrane's integrity and thereby inducing ferroptosis.In the context of diabetic retinopathy(DR),ferroptosis plays a sig-nificant role.The disruption of iron metabolism,the excessive accumulation of ROS,and the imbalance of the antioxidant system are key mechanisms contributing to ferroptosis in retinal tissues and the exacerbation of DR's pathological progres-sion.This review provides a systematic summary and in-depth discussion of the advancements in understanding the role of ferroptosis in DR pathogenesis,intending to offer valuable insights for future research endeavors in this field.

Iron,a vital trace element and redox-active metal in the human body,is pivotal in cellular processes and en-gages in a multitude of biological reactions.Ferroptosis,an emerging form of regulated cell death,is predominantly instiga-ted by the excessive free iron that catalyzes reactive oxygen species(ROS)production via the Fenton reaction.This process results in the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids within the cellular lipid membrane,compromising the membrane's integrity and thereby inducing ferroptosis.In the context of diabetic retinopathy(DR),ferroptosis plays a sig-nificant role.The disruption of iron metabolism,the excessive accumulation of ROS,and the imbalance of the antioxidant system are key mechanisms contributing to ferroptosis in retinal tissues and the exacerbation of DR's pathological progres-sion.This review provides a systematic summary and in-depth discussion of the advancements in understanding the role of ferroptosis in DR pathogenesis,intending to offer valuable insights for future research endeavors in this field.

AIM:To systematically evaluate the changes in retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis by using optical coherence tomography(OCT)through Meta-analysis.METHODS: Literatures on the measurement of retinal and choroidal structure in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis by using OCT from CNKI, VIP, WF, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, SinoMed, and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the databases to January 2024. In addition, quality of the included literatures was assessed by the Newtle-Ottawa scale(NOS), and RevMan 5.4.1 and Stata 16.0 were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: A total of 17 articles(including 18 studies)were included, and the Meta-analysis results showed that, patients with internal carotid artery stenosis had significantly thinner peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(pRNFL), ganglion cell complex(GCC), center macular thickness(CMT), and subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)than the healthy control group(age matched normal population). The pRNFL and SFCT of the ipsilateral eye in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis become thinner compared with the contralateral eye.CONCLUSION:To a certain extent, the morphological structure of the retina and choroid can be altered by stenosis of the internal carotid artery. OCT can non-invasively detect the microstructural changes of the retina and choroid in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis, and can be used for the evaluation of internal carotid artery stenosis.

AIM: To explore retinal microvascular changes in migraine patients using meta-analysis.METHODS: The National Library of Medicine PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to find relevant studies, and the search period was from the creation of database to June 2023. Two investigators independently screened the literatures, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of included studies using the NOS scale. STATA15.0 was used for Meta-analysis and publication bias evaluation, sensitivity analysis was performed for results with large heterogeneity, and the funnel plot and Egger were used to assess the publication bias of the literature.RESULTS:A total of 12 studies, including 217 patients(252 eyes)with migraine with aura(MA), 283 patients(388 eyes)with migraine without aura(MO), and 374 healthy individuals(479 eyes), were included in this Meta-analysis. Several optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)indicators, including foveal avascular zone(FAZ)macular or optic disc perfusion density were compared and analyzed. The Meta-analysis results showed that compared with healthy controls, patients with MA had a significant increase in FAZ area and perimeter, a significant decrease in perfusion density of the macular deep capillary plexus(mDCP)except for the fovea, and a significant decrease in perfusion density of the radial peripapillary capillaries(RPC)around the optic disc; the FAZ parameters were significantly increased in MO, while the differences in perfusion density of the macular superficial capillary plexus(mSCP), mDCP and RPC were not statistically significant, except for the perfusion density in the parafovea mDCP.CONCLUSIONS: Both MA and MO patients had an enlarged FAZ area, patients with MA had a significant decrease in mDCP perfusion density, and migraine patients had some degree of retinal ischemia.

Objective To analyze the differential metabolites in the seminal plasma of different types of male infertility based on untargeted metabolomics and explore new biomarkers. Methods Seminal plasma samples were collected from 85 men,and divided into oligospermia (n=20),azoospermia (n=20),asthenozoospermia (n=10),high sperm DNA fragmentation index (n=15),and healthy control (n=20) groups. Seminal plasma metabolites were detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Differential metabolites were identified after data processing and statistical analyses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was used to identify key metabolic pathways. Area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the diag-nostic efficacy of differential metabolites. Results We identified 1431 differential metabolites. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differential metabolites mainly participated in pathways,such as amino acid biosynthesis,protein digestion and absorption,and nucleotide metabolism. The AUC of the top 10 upregulated and downregulated metabolites in each group were>0.7,indicating good diagnostic effi-cacy. Conclusion Untargeted metabolomics of seminal plasma can detect differential metabolites between different types of male infer-tility and healthy men,providing new ideas for exploring biomarkers and metabolomics-related mechanisms of male infertility.

Objective To analyze the differential metabolites in the seminal plasma of different types of male infertility based on untargeted metabolomics and explore new biomarkers. Methods Seminal plasma samples were collected from 85 men,and divided into oligospermia (n=20),azoospermia (n=20),asthenozoospermia (n=10),high sperm DNA fragmentation index (n=15),and healthy control (n=20) groups. Seminal plasma metabolites were detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Differential metabolites were identified after data processing and statistical analyses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was used to identify key metabolic pathways. Area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the diag-nostic efficacy of differential metabolites. Results We identified 1431 differential metabolites. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differential metabolites mainly participated in pathways,such as amino acid biosynthesis,protein digestion and absorption,and nucleotide metabolism. The AUC of the top 10 upregulated and downregulated metabolites in each group were>0.7,indicating good diagnostic effi-cacy. Conclusion Untargeted metabolomics of seminal plasma can detect differential metabolites between different types of male infer-tility and healthy men,providing new ideas for exploring biomarkers and metabolomics-related mechanisms of male infertility.

In the early stage of diabetes retinopathy(DR),the change in the molecular level is often earlier than chan-ges in retinal microvessels.Under the chronic high-glucose environment,oxidative stress,epigenetic changes and other mechanisms cause retinal mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)damage,affect the transcription process of mtDNA coding genes,and damage the electronic transport chain,leading to a vicious cycle of free radicals,which accelerates the apoptosis of retinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells,leads to retinal microcirculation dysfunction,and cause DR.This paper will review the epigenetic changes,oxidative stress,damage to replication and repair system,gene mutation and other aspects,in order to elaborate on the research progress of retinal mtDNA damage in the pathogenesis of DR.

The status of lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor for many malignant tumors, including lung cancer. In the 8th edition of the TNM staging system for lung cancer, the T staging had obvious changes and refinements, but the N staging had little changes. Recently, several studies have found that the prognosis of patients with the same N stage can vary greatly, suggesting that a more detailed subgroup of patients with the same N stage should be subdivided, including the inclusion of extra-capsular lymph node metastases (ENE). In this review, we reviewed the definition, classification/grading, imaging diagnosis, pathological diagnosis, related molecular markers and their relationship with the prognosis of lung cancer patients.

Objective:To construct a systematic, standardized, scientific and effective evaluation index system for standardized training of newly recruited nurses.Methods:By the literature review, applying the Delphi method and purpose sampling to conduct two rounds of expert consultations to 17 nursing experts from 5 medical units and 1 nursing school from October 2019 to April 2020 to construct the evaluation index system for standardized training of newly recruited nurses.Results:The recovery rates of the two rounds of expert consultation questionnaires were all 100%, and the expert authority coefficient was 0.92. The final evaluation index system for standardized training of newly recruited nurses included 4 first-level indicators (professional literacy, theoretical knowledge, nursing operation skills, and core competency of the post) , 17 second-level indicators, and 52 third-level indicators.Conclusions:The evaluation index system for standardized training of newly recruited nurses established in this study is systematic, scientific and effective, which can provide a reference for standardized training and evaluation of newly recruited nurses, and provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the training effect and quality.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of dexamethasone on hearing loss induced by canalwall-down mastoidectomy.Methods A total of 76 patients (76 ears) were randomized to dexamethasone group and non dexamethasone group with 38 patients in each group.For dexamethasone group,gelfoam soaked with dexamethasone (5 mg/ml) was topically applied to the round window niche at the end of the surgery,and dexamethasone was administrated intravenously at the dosage of 5 mg/50 kg immediately after the surgery.While for non-dexamethasone group,dexamctbasone was not used.The pure-tone audiograms were performed before mastoidectomy and 90 days after the surgery.Absolute bearing change was defined as the difference in hearing thresholds in decibels before and after the surgery.Results The changes of bone conduction thresholds in dexamethasone group were 8.3± 3.9 dB at 6 kHz,11.3±5.2 dB at 8 kHz,and 10.1±7.2 dB for HPTA (4-6-8 kHz high tone average).As in non-dexamethasone group,the changes of bone conduction thresholds were 13.7±4.6 dB at 6 kHz,25.1±5.4 dB at 8 kHz,19.3±9.7 dB for HPTA.There were significant differences in the changes of bone conduction thresholds between dexamethasone and non dexamethasone groups at frequencies of 6 kHz (P=0.039),8 kHz (P=0.007) and HPTA (P=0.009).Conclusion The results demonstrated that application of dexamethasone significantly reduced sensorineural high frequencies (6 kHz and 8 kHz) hearing loss after canal-wall down mastoidectomy,thus the use of dexamethasone is recommended.