Background: Cisplatin is a widely used platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, but its gonadotoxic effects can damage ovarian tissue, oocytes, and developing follicles and may lead to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are being investigated as a potential regenerative treatment because of their paracrine, anti-apoptotic, and tissue-repair effects. Aim: To evaluate the effect of ADSC therapy on estrous cyclicity, body weight, and ovarian follicular morphology in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced POI. Materials and Methods: Thirty 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were included. Six mice received saline as controls, while 24 mice received cisplatin 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally once daily for 10 days to induce POI. After POI induction, cisplatin-exposed animals were continued as an untreated POI group (n=15) or an ADSC-treatment group (n=9). The ADSC group received 1×10⁶ cells suspended in 0.2 mL medium via the tail vein. Body weight and vaginal cytology were monitored daily, and estrous stages were classified as proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. Ovaries were collected for histologic evaluation at the end of the study. Result: After cisplatin exposure, mean estrous cycle length increased from 3.97 days in controls to 6.4 days in the POI group (p<0.05). During the post-treatment evaluation, mean cycle length was 5.65 days in untreated POI mice (n=4) and 4.5 days in ADSC-treated mice (n=7), representing a statistically significant improvement after ADSC therapy (p=0.013). Cisplatin caused significant body-weight loss, reaching a mean of 18.0 g on day 6 after completion of cisplatin administration (p<0.01). Histologically, untreated POI ovaries showed follicular atrophy and prominent degenerative changes, whereas ADSC-treated ovaries showed more morphologically preserved primary, secondary, and antral follicles and relatively fewer degenerative changes. Exploratory manual counting in three representative whole-ovary sections per group showed total intact/growing follicle counts of 15.00±2.65 in controls, 6.00±2.00 in POI, and 8.67±2.89 in ADSC-treated ovaries. Conclusion ADSC treatment was associated with partial restoration of estrous cyclicity and ovarian follicular development in a cisplatin-induced POI mouse model. These findings support further investigation of ADSC-based regenerative therapy for chemotherapy-associated ovarian injury.

Background: Evaluation of genotoxic potential is essential for reducing carcinogenic risk and for assessing the safety of newly developed pharmaceutical products, traditional herbal medicines, and health supplements. Such evaluation plays an important role in protecting human health. Therefore, in Mongolia, it is necessary to investigate the safety of domestically produced pharmaceutical preparations, natural products, and traditional medicines on a scientific basis in accordance with international standards; to develop and implement national policies and standards; to introduce and localize appropriate methodologies; to protect human health; to prevent cancer, hereditary diseases, and longterm adverse effects; and to promote the rational use of medicines. Aim: To investigate the mutagenic properties of an herbal combination preparation in vitro and its genotoxic effects in vivo. Materials and Methods: Extracts were prepared from Dasiphora fruticosa, Cynara scolymus, and Rosa acicularis, and a herbal combination preparation was formulated in specific proportions. Mutagenicity was evaluated according to OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test) using the Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain under both S9 (-) and S9 (+) conditions with the Muta-Chromoplate™ assay. The combination preparation was tested at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125, and 0.1562 mg/mL in 96 wells, and reverse-mutated bacterial colonies were assessed by counting the number of wells that changed color from purple to yellow. In addition, using the IPHASE Biosciences kit, the preparation was tested at doses of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125, and 0.1562 mg/plate on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 strains under both S9 (-) and S9 (+) conditions. After incubation, the number of bacterial colonies formed was counted and compared with that of the positive control group. Genotoxicity was assessed according to OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test) by evaluating the numbers of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs), and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of BALB/c mice. Result: In the study using the Muta-Chromoplate™ assay, bacterial colonies were observed at doses ranging from 5.0 to 0.1562 mg/mL of the herbal combination preparation. However, compared with the positive control group (aminoanthracene), the number of bacterial colonies was significantly lower (p<0.05). In the study using the IPHASE Biosciences kit, 30–154 bacterial colonies were observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains under S9 (-/+) conditions at doses ranging from 5.0 to 0.156 mg/plate, which was approximately threefold lower than that observed in the positive control groups. In the positive control group treated with cyclophosphamide, the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was increased. Conclusion The herbal combination preparation showed no mutagenic activity in either of the two mutation detection assays using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains under S9 (-/+) conditions. In addition, it showed no genotoxic effect in the micronucleus assay.

Background: Stress, insomnia, and anxiety are among the most prevalent mental health disorders in society and are associated with negative consequences such as reduced work capacity, decreased quality of life, and an increased risk of chronic diseases worldwide. During stress, the sympathetic nervous system becomes activated, leading to physiological changes such as increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and elevated arterial blood pressure. If prolonged, these changes may increase the risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, pharmacological research on medicinal plants with sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects has been intensively conducted. Therefore, there is a growing need to develop a combined herbal preparation from Valeriana officinalis L. and Leonurus sibiricus L., which have been used in traditional medicine for sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects, and to investigate their effects on arterial blood pressure. Aim: To investigate the effect of an herbal complex preparation on arterial blood pressure. Materials and Methods: An herbal complex preparation was formulated from 70% ethanol extracts of Valeriana officinalis L. and Leonurus sibiricus L. in a 30:70 ratio. Its effects on normal blood pressure and Angiotensin II-induced hypertension were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. The preparation was administered orally at doses of 750 and 1000 mg/kg. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured using a Softron BP-98AWU system and compared between groups. Results: At doses of 750 and 1000 mg/kg, the complex preparation reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 6.4-12.0% and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 16.1-28.1% under normal conditions (p<0.05). In the intraperitoneal Angiotensin II-induced hypertension model, SBP decreased by 5.9-19.6% and DBP by 6.3-20.1% (p<0.05). In the osmotic pump-induced Angiotensin II hypertension model, the 750 mg/kg dose reduced SBP by 18.2-33% and DBP by 17.2-28.3% (p<0.001). Conclusion The herbal complex preparation at doses of 750 and 1000 mg/kg demonstrated a significant antihypertensive effect in both normal and Angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mice.

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are steadily increasing both globally and in Mongolia. As these rates rise, traditional Mongolian medicine has long utilized herbal formulas for the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers and precancerous conditions. One such formulation—Hot Natured 3 Herbs (HN3H)—comprises three species from the Ranunculaceae family: Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.. However, scientific validation of its anti-tumor effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HN3H in a tumor-induced animal model. Aim: To identify the biologically active compounds of HN3H and evaluate their effect in an experimentally induced tumor model in animals. Materials and Methods: The three herbs comprising HN3H—Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.—were collected during their flowering stage (May–June) in Khishig-Undur, Bulgan province, and dried according to official procedures. Extraction was carried out by maceration in 96% ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. The concentrated extract was suspended in water (1:1) and successively fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Protocol №2020/03-04). A colorectal cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of MC-38 cells (Kerafast, USA) into C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed using CK20, CDX2, Ki67, and p53 antibodies at 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions. Results: The ethanol extract of HN3H contained 2.98±0.04% total phenolics and 2.16±0.05% total flavonoids. Body weight and tumor volume were measured daily with three repetitions. All groups showed a time-dependent increase in body weight. Mice in groups 1A and 1B received ethanol extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses; groups 2A and 2B received dichloromethane extract at the same doses. The negative control group was administered 0.5 mg/kg PBS orally, while the positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) at 10 mg/kg twice a week. Tumor growth increased in a time-dependent manner across groups. Compared to the negative control, tumor volumes in four treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction (p˂0.05), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the positive control (p=0.08). Histological analysis revealed necrosis in all groups, with variation in extent. Conclusion The ethanol extract of HN3H exhibited moderate levels of phenolic compounds and a high concentration of flavonoids. HN3H extract inhibited tumor progression and activated lymphocyte-predominant inflammation in tumor tissues, indicating potential anti-tumor activity (p˂0.05).

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 70-95% of developing countries rely on traditional medicine, which includes around 365 plant, animal, and mineral-based preparations. Natural products consist of numerous biologically active compounds that exert effects against pathogens, making up about 25% of modern pharmaceuticals derived from plants. Since plants are a combination of various metabolites, they can have therapeutic effects, side effects, and toxicity in the human body. Based on the traditional use of medicinal herbs in Mongolian and Tibetan medicine for their sedative properties, we selected the medicinal herbs Valeriana officinalis L. and Leonurus sibiricus L., The objective is to develop new medicinal preparations that can be utilized in modern medical practice to treat, prevent, or supplement the treatment of depression and anxiety. Consequently, it is necessary to prepare a herbal complex from these selected plants and conduct studies to investigate their subchronic toxicity and sedative activities. Aim: To study subchronic and sedative activity of herbal complex preparations. Materials and Methods: The herbal complex preparation was prepared from the 70% ethanol extract of the roots of Valeriana officinalis L. and the aerial parts of Leonurus sibiricus L., and a compound preparation was made in a 30:70 ratio. Subchronic toxicity study was conducted on Wistar rats weighing 180-250 g according to the OECD-407 guidelines. The sedative activity of herbal complex preparation was studied on C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice using the dark/light transition test according to Takao K., and the hole-board test according to Hiroshi Takeda. Results: In the sub-chronic toxicity study of the herbal complex preparation, biochemical analysis of the serum (including ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea) and histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, and heart showed no statistically significant changes when comparing the experimental groups to the control group. The herbal complex preparation at a dose of 1000 mg/kg increased the time spent in the dark area, decreased the time spent in the light area, and the number of transitions between the two areas of mice in the dark/light transition test, and reduced the number of head-dipping into the holes of mice in the hole-board test. Conclusion The herbal complex preparation exhibited low toxicity at doses of 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg based on biochemical and histopathological examinations in the subchronic toxicity study. Furthermore, the preparation demonstrated sedative effects at a dose of 1000 mg/kg.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, affecting 150 million people worldwide annually. It is estimated that 1% of the population suffers from urinary tract infections. The most common infections in kidney and urinary tract are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus which account 80%, 5-15% and 5-10%, respectively. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are critical factors involved in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Oxidative stress, a pathological condition characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defenses, leads to cellular damage and is directly implicated in the initiation and progression of acute kidney injury. Antioxidants serve a protective role by mitigating the harmful effects of free radicals and oxidative stress on cellular structures. Drawing upon the extensive resources of medicinal plants and the therapeutic practices of traditional medicine, plants rich in antioxidant compounds, including Dasiphora fruticosa (L.), Cynara scolymus (L.), and Rosa acicularis (L.), were selected for the development of the Phytonephro-SAN preparation. The phytochemical profile and nephroprotective properties of these plants have been investigated and validated. Moving forward, further studies are warranted to assess the safety profile of the formulation, including comprehensive toxicity evaluations. Aim: To investigate and establish the subacute toxicity and antibacterial activity of the Phytonephro-SAN preparation. Materials and Methods: The subacute toxicity assessment of the Phythonephro-SAN preparation was conducted on Wistar rats following the OECD-407 guidelines. The study of the antibacterial activity of the preparation was determined by the broth dilution method. Results: The subacute toxicity assessment, evaluated through parameters such as body and organ weights and complete blood count (CBC), revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups administered the Phytonephro-SAN preparation at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, and the control group. According to the study of antibacterial activity, Phytonephro-SAN preparation has antibacterial activity at 90 mg/ml and 80 mg/ml doses. Conclusion The administration of the Phytonephro-SAN preparation to Wistar rats at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg over 28 days did not result in mortality, and no significant changes were observed in body and organ weights or CBC parameters. These findings support the conclusion that the preparation possesses minimal toxicity. Additionally, the preparation demonstrated effective antibacterial activity against specific urinary tract pathogens at higher concentrations.

Outcomes of the retinopathy of prematurity screening and treatment in Mongolia Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease characterized by abnormal retinal vasculature that can have devastating visual consequences. Despite evidence that early detection and treatment can prevent blindness, ROP remains a leading cause of pediatric blindness worldwide. We aimed at investigating the outcomes of ROP screening, intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and laser surgery in the treatment ROP and describe an evidence-based and specific process for identifying birth weight and gestational age screening guidelines in Mongolia utilizing telemedicine. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective of prematurity infants screened ROP from 2012 September to July 2020 and prospective cohort study of premature infants with treatment-requiring ROP who received intravitreal injections, laser surgery and combined therapy from 2015 December 01 to January 31, 2017. Demographic factors, diagnosis and clinical course were recorded in a de-identified manner using REDCap, a secure, web-based platform to collect image and demographic data. The IRB approved the study protocol not requiring parental consent due to the de-identified nature of the data which was used for program monitoring purposes. Indirect ophthalmoscopy and Retinal imaging was performed using RetCam (Natus Medical, Pleasanton, CA) and images were uploaded to the web-based platform which could be accessed by the Mongolian ophthalmologist for reference. Each eye was evaluated by the local Mongolian ophthalmologist for the presence or absence of ROP, zone of vascularization, stage, plus disease, and aggressive posterior ROP (AP-ROP). The diagnosis and classification of ROP for this current study were determined by examination using indirect ophthalmoscopy, and treatment plans were determined according to the International Classification for ROP and the Early Treatment for ROP Study (ET-ROP).2,13 Regression analysis to determine association between BW and GA and the development of ROP. Results: A total of 9126 premature infants with BW ≤ 2500 g and/or GA ≤ 36 weeks were screened for ROP during the study period. 327 (3.5%) of the 9126 infants screened required treatment. The193 infants who received ROP screening had a mean GA of 30.09 ± 1.7 weeks, and mean BW of 1500.3 ± 125.42g. The BW of infants in this study ranged from 750g to 2000g, and the GA at birth ranged from 25 to 35 weeks. The BW of infants in this study ranged from 750g to 2000g, and the GA at birth ranged from 25 to 35 weeks. There were 96 boys (49.7%) and 97 girls (50.3%). Among infants receiving treatment, the highest BW was 2000g (born at 31 weeks GA), and the oldest was 34 weeks (with a BW of 1300g). The distribution of birth weight and gestational age in Mongolia was similar to other low-middle income countries, with higher birth weight and older gestational age. As birth weight and gestational age decreased, relative risk of developing ROP increased. Conclusions: After treatment, resolution of ROP was noted in approximately 90 % of the patients who had treatment-requiring ROP. 10 % of patients treated with IVB, IVR, Laser surgery and combined therapy however, did not respond and progressed to retinal detachment. This prospective study provides information about the development of ROP in preterm infants in the capital city of Mongolia. The distributions of BW and GA among infants developing ROP in Mongolia differ from those found in higher-income countries, and are comparable to other low and middle-income countries. We used a secure, web-based data collection and retrieval system that could be extended to multiple countries, which is now equipped with a telemedicine platform enabling remote grading of fundus images.

IntroductionA hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects followingconsumption of alcohol beverages, which can last for more than 24 hours. Common symptoms ofhangover are headache, gastrointestinal complaints, sweating, hyper-excitability, dry mouth, anorexia,diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue and vertigo. Alcohol or ethanol gets metabolized to an intermediate product,acetaldehyde, by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and then acetaldehyde is converted toacetate by a second enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Acetaldehyde causes toxic effects,such as high pulse, rate, sweating and vomiting. In most people, ALDH metabolizes acetaldehydequickly and effi ciently, so that this intermediate metabolite does not accumulate in high concentrations.Many treatments are described to prevent hangover, shorten its duration, and reduce the severity of itssymptoms, including innumerable folk remedies and recommendations.GoalThis study was conducted to investigate whether anti-hangover preparation has a protective effectagainst acute alcohol induced hangover in Wistar rats.Materials and MethodsMale and female Wistar line rats, weighing 180-210g were used for hangover model or ethanolmetabolism experiment. Rats were administered orally ethanol as 38% aqueous solution with feedingneedle, 1 ml/200g body weight. The anti-hangover preparation was administered 1 hour before ethanolconsumption. Blood was collected from the tail vein for the measurement of serum acetate andacetaldehyde at just before and 8, 16, 24 hour after ethanol administration.Statistical analysis: All value expressed as mean S.E obtained from n number of experiments.ResultFrom this study results summarize that the anti-hangover preparations decreased blood serum acetateand acetaldehyde levels as compared to control. Anti-hangover preparations enhanced acetaldehydeand acetate metabolism.Conclusion: These fi ndings indicate that anti-hangover preparations may exert benefi cial role inthe treatment of alcohol hangover without any toxicity. Therefore, the content of acetaldehyde wasdecreasing and increasing through repeating 8 hours within 24 hours.

AbstractIntroduction: In recent years, researchers have paid attention to the biological active products fromraw materials of animal origin. Lyophilized bovine bile and bovine liver hydrolyze and varieties ofplants have been used for increase secretion of bile in traditional systems of medicine of variouscountries. We investigated that beneficial effects of new product particularly its treatment liverdamage, improve regeneration process of damaged liver cell, effects on bile secretion, bile bilirubin,and bile cholesterol and plasma cholesterol levels. Moreover, we investigate physical, chemicalcapacity and drafted a MNS document.Goal: To complete pharmacological, technological and standardization study of Sillichol biologicalactive product.Material and MethodsSeveral biochemical methods were used for determination of chemical compounds in liverhydrolysate and lyophilized bile. The product was formed in combined powder form by dried stirringmethod and it was capsuled by NJP-1200 capsule machine. Litchfield-Wilcoxon’s method was usedto study the acute toxicity effect. The median lethal dose (LD50) value was calculated using themethod of Pearson and toxicity level of was determined according to classification of Sidorov K.K(1973). Human equivalent dose (effective dose) was calculated with according to FDA guidancefor drug-dose conversion. Acute hepatitis – Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage inrats (Skakun et al, 1984); Bile secretion effect was determined by method of Rozuet Jousse, 1980.All value expressed as mean S.E obtained from n number of experiments. The Student’s t-testfor unpaired observation between control and experimental samples was carried out for statisticalevaluation of a difference; p values of 0.05 or less were considered as statistically significant.ResultsTotal nitrogen, amino nitrogen, fat, ash and solution index were measured in liver hydrolysate.The results were accepted standard requirements of MNS 6484:2014. Bovine bile was dried byLabconco freezone L12 freeze drier in Drug Research Institute. The product named Sillichol wasformed combined powder form and capsuled №0 capsule. From the result of preclinical study, ourinvestigational new product is included in practically non-toxic class according to toxicity classificationby Sidorov (1750 mg/kg). Sillichol biological active product was increase bile level which is producedin liver cells and decreased bile cholesterol levels by 2.3-8.0% in the test group compared with thecontrol and reference groups.Conclusion: The biological active product was improving regeneration process of liver cells,normalize cell structure, effect to the anti-inflammatory in damaged liver cells.

BACKGROUND: A recent day is one of a rare drug plant, which use in traditional medicine a long time ago. Therefore based on nature resource of traditional medicine, on the base of evaluating pharmacological and biological action to develop a new drug of plant origin is important not only for treatment, but also has a economic significance. This plant has profound medicinal use and is a proved antipyretic, analgesic anti inflammatory and anti-cancer. No detail report was found in literature to evaluate renal damage experimentally in rats. The present study was hence designed to determine protective effect (Saposhnikovia divaricate (Turcz) Schischk) kanamycin-induced nephrotoxicy in rats. In addition, we attempted to test and compare the possible action of Saposhnikovia divaricate (Turcz) Schischk) kanamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental animals A dry extract of SDS is root was prepared by the lyophilization method and used in the study. Threemonth old Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing 150-250 g were used for the study. The animals were placed at random and allocated to treatment groups in polypropylene cages with paddy husk as bedding. Animals were housed at a temperature of 24 ± 2⁰C and relative humidity of 30-70%. A 12/12 h light and dark cycle was followed. All animals were fed on standard balanced diet and provided with water ad libitum. All the experimental procedures and protocols used in the study were reviewed and approved by the Bio-Medical Ethical Committee of Mongolian National University of Mongolia. Biochemical estimation At the end of experimental period, rats were anaesthetized with ether. The pathological model of kidney we use lipid peroxidation in the process of kidney inflammation kidney tissue, blood serum, erythrocyte MDA of membrane amount on 3, 7, 14 day by using spectrophotometer apparatus of “Shimadzu” firm of Japan and measured absorption at 535 nm. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis of data was performed by SPSS 16.0 program and analyzed statistically using criteria of Student t test. RESULTS: When we studied effect of extract of SDS preparation to condition of lipid peroxidation activation in the process of kidney inflammation by the indices of MDA which contains in blood plasma and erythrocyte membrane, MDA amount in renal tissue, amount of MDA decreased and it showed effect of decreasing lipid peroxidation MDA of plasma. CONCLUSION: The extract of Saposhnikoviadivaricata (Turcz) Schischk) has action of protecting kidney and decreasing lipid per oxidation.