Background: Traditional medicine has long utilized herbal and animal-derived materials worldwide, and traditional formulations for the management of male sexual dysfunction continue to be actively investigated. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant effects of Anti-Impotence-4, an herbal–animal formulation, in an experimental model of chronic stress-induced erectile dysfunction (ED). Aim: To investigate the bioactive compounds present in the plant- and animal-derived formulation Anti-Impotence-4 and its effects against oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups, including healthy control, disease control, reference, and treatment groups. Chronic stress was induced once daily for 56 days using a random stress protocol, as described by Peng Zou (2019). Oxidative stress parameters were determined using ELISA. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Anti-Impotence-4 were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatogra phy–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) in both positive and negative ionization modes. Results: In an experimental model of erectile dysfunction induced by chronic stress, treatment with Anti-Impotence-4 led to a dose-dependent attenuation of oxidative damage. Specifically, levels of the DNA oxidation marker 8-hydroxy-2′-de oxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were reduced by 13.3–32.5% following administration of Anti-Impotence-4 at doses of 42, 84, and 210 mg/kg. Likewise, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations decreased by 7.9–23.7% at therapeutic doses (p<0.05). In contrast, antioxidant defense mechanisms were markedly enhanced, as evidenced by significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (34.1%, 38.1%, and 44.6%, respectively; p<0.05) and glutathione (GSH) levels, which rose by 37.0–55.4%. Biological substances identified a total of 10 compounds, including six amino acids, flavo noids, and iridoids, in the positive ion mode. In negative-ion mode, 18 bioactive compounds were detected, including amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the Anti-Impotence-4 formulation demonstrated the presence of diverse bioactive constituents, including amino acids, purine derivatives, nucleosides, carbohydrates, organic and fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and iridoids. In a chronic stress-induced erectile dysfunction model, treatment with Anti-Impotence-4 significantly enhanced antioxidant defense by increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels, while markedly reducing oxidative stress markers such as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and malond ialdehe indicating significant antioxidant and protective effects.

Background: According to classical sources of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, the Mana-4 decoction clears internal heat and fever, alleviates febrile and infectious diseases, resolves pale-brown Badgan disorders, and alleviates severe pneumonia. Chimedragchaa.Ch. et al. (2002) demonstrated that Mana-4 possesses heat-clearing, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a disorder characterized by clinical manifestations including physical exhaustion, low-grade fever, headache, mood fluctuations, cognitive impairment, and sleep disturbances. In recent years, as the pace of modern life and workload have increased, physical, psychological, and mental stress have intensified, leading to dysregulation of the nervous and endocrine systems, impaired immune function, and a rising global prevalence of CFS—a trend that has attracted increasing attention from researchers worldwide. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of CFS remain incompletely understood, and effective, evidence-based treatments continue to be sought. Therefore, we developed Immunoflu soluble granules, derived from the constituents of Mana-4, and this study aimed to investigate its anti-fatigue effects, as no such investigation had previously been conducted. Aim: To evaluate the anti-fatigue effect of Immunoflu, a formulation derived from the traditional Mana-4 decoction widely used in Traditional Mongolian Medicine. Materials and Methods: A chronic-fatigue rat model was established by forced-swimming induction, following the method of Jia Wang et al. (2013). The behavioral effects of Immunoflu were assessed using the open-field test (locomotor activity) and the elevated plus-maze test (anxiety-related behavior). Result: Immunoflu was administered at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg to evaluate its effects in a chronic-fatigue model. In the open-field test, no significant difference (p>0.05) in central-zone entries was observed between Immunoflu and the model control. However, vertical locomotor activity increased significantly: Immunal 50 mg/kg +80.4% (p=0.024), Immunoflu 100 mg/kg +82.6% (p=0.003), and 200 mg/kg +77.4% (p=0.035). From these findings, Immunoflu at 100 and 200 mg/kg clearly enhanced locomotor activity in rats with chronic fatigue. In the elevated plus-maze test, Immunal 50 mg/kg increased the time spent in the central zone (10×10cm) by 53.3% (p=0.021) and in open arms by 61.4% (p=0.032) compared with the model control. Although Immunoflu produced no significant changes (p>0.05) in central-zone entries or time spent in the central zone, the time spent in the open arms increased by 60.6% at 200 mg/kg (p=0.026), indicating a reduction in anxiety and improved behavioral response to stress. Conclusion In a forced-swimming–induced chronic-fatigue model, Immunoflu increased locomotor activity by 77.4–82.6% at 100 and 200 mg/kg, reduced anxiety by 60.6% at 200 mg/kg, and reduced behavioral despair and fatigue by 35.3% at 100 mg/kg.

Background: Diabetes mellitus accounts for 42.9% of endocrine and nutritional metabolic diseases in Mongolia, with a prevalence of 111.4 cases per 10,000 population. This represents a 28.5% increase compared with the previous year (82.9 cases per 10,000 population in 2019), indicating a continuing upward trend in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. In Mongolian traditional medicine, Sapparin tablets are used to treat blood disorders and liver diseases. The formulation contains four major herbal ingredients: C. jubata, C. sappan, Z. officinale, and H. rhamnoides. Aim: To study the effects of Sapparin in a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic model in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: We used 40 Wistar rats to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model according to the method described by Bailu Duan et al. (2017). The rats were fed a high-fat diet for 28 days, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg to induce T2DM. After STZ administration, Sapparin was orally administered to diabetic rats at 89 and 178 mg/kg for 21 days. At the end of the experimental period, insulin, GLUT4, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions on days 14 and 21. Result: After 14 and 21 days of treatment, fasting blood glucose levels decreased by 33% and 22.5% in the Sapparin 89 mg/kg and 178 mg/kg groups, respectively, compared with the diabetic control group (p=0.05). In the glucose tolerance test, the 89 mg/kg Sapparin-treated group showed a 31% increase in glucose levels at the initial measurement compared with the diabetic control group, followed by decreases of 10% at 30 min and 30% at 120 min (p=0.04). Serum insulin levels in the 89 mg/kg Sapparin group decreased by 20% on day 14 and 19.8% on day 21 compared with the diabetic control group, while the 178 mg/kg group showed decreases of 15% and 20%, respectively, approaching the levels observed in the healthy control group (p=0.05). Furthermore, HOMA-IR decreased by 42–46% over time in both the 89 and 178 mg/ kg Sapparin-treated groups, with statistically significant differences observed (p=0.05). Conclusion In a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Sapparin reduced blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and may have a positive effect on lipid metabolism.

Background: Respiratory diseases remain among the top five leading causes of morbidity, with an incidence rate of 788.4 cases per 10,000 population in 2021. Among these, acute bronchitis accounts for 9.3%. According to international clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adult acute bronchitis, symptoms usually resolve spontaneously within 1–3 weeks, but they considerably reduce the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, Colsaurin syrup, a new natural formulation with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, was clinically investigated to assess its efficacy and safety. The introduction of this domestically produced herbal medicine into clinical practice is expected to have both medical and socioeconomic significance by expanding the range of national pharmaceutical products. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Colsaurin syrup on the quality of life in adults diagnosed with acute bronchitis. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted among inpatients at Songinokhairkhan District General Hospital, Ulaanbaatar. Adult patients diagnosed with acute bronchitis (J20) who met the inclusion criteria and provided informed consent were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to either the Colsaurin or placebo group. Result: In the Bronchitis Severity Score (BBS) assessment, baseline mean scores indicated severe disease: 10.88±2.47 in the Colsaurin group and 10.67±2.16 in the placebo group. After treatment, scores decreased significantly to 3.50±1.41 (p<0.001) in the Colsaurin group and 5.00±2.24 (p=0.006) in the placebo group, indicating greater improvement in the Colsaurin-treated patients. In the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assessment, the mean pre-treatment score for both groups was 7, corresponding to frequent cough, which decreased to 2 after treatment (p<0.05), representing a 28% reduction in coughing discomfort. In the Cough and Sputum Assessment Questionnaire (CASA-Q), the Colsaurin group showed a 3.25-point reduction after treatment, indicating a significant decrease in cough frequency and triggering factors (p<0.05). Conclusion 1. In patients diagnosed with acute bronchitis (J20), treatment with Colsaurin syrup reduced disease severity by 30% and alleviated cough-related discomfort by 28% compared to baseline. 2. Moreover, patients reported improved sleep quality and work capacity, reflecting an overall enhancement in quality of life. 3. No adverse effects were observed in the Colsaurin treatment group.

Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a poorly understood disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by clinical manifestations including physical exhaustion, low-grade fever, myalgia, dizziness, mood fluctuations, cognitive impairment, and sleep disturbances. CFS is highly prevalent and frequently comorbid with psychiatric conditions, particularly depression and anxiety. Symptoms exacerbate during physical or mental exertion and do not completely resolve with rest. Currently, there is a lack of proven, effective pharmacological treatments for CFS. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-fatigue effects of Immunoflu. Aim: To evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of Immunoflu, a technologically modernized formulation derived from the traditional Mana-4 decoction. Materials and Methods: A chronic fatigue rat model was established using the forced-swim protocol described by Jia Wang and Chengxin Sun (2013). The pharmacological effects of Immunoflu were evaluated by quantifying serum levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17a) by ELISA and assessing behavioral despair using the forced swim test (FST). Results: We evaluated how Immunoflu affects the chronic fatigue model at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg by measuring serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17a and assessing despair using the “Forced swim test”. In the forced-swimming-induced chronic fatigue model in rats, Immunoflu at a dose of 100 mg/kg increased the serum IL-2 indicator by 23.8%, and Immunal at a dose of 50 mg/kg increased it by 23.3% compared to the model control group, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Immunoflu at 200 mg/kg reduced IL-17a cytokine levels by 23.7% compared with the model control group. When evaluating the swimming state of the animals with the Forced swim test, the group given Immunal 50 mg/kg (52.03±9.3 sec) decreased by 31.6% (*p=0.038), and the group given Immunoflu 100 mg/kg (49.19±8.54 sec) decreased by 35.3% (*p=0.01) respectively compared to the model control group, while no statistically significant difference was observed in other groups. Conclusions 1. Immunoflu at 100 mg/kg demonstrates immunostimulatory effects in a chronic fatigue model by increasing serum IL-2 levels by 23.8%. Additionally, at 200 mg/kg, it exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, reducing IL-17a levels by 23.7%. 2. In the forced-swimming model, Immunoflu at 100 mg/kg effectively reduced behavioral despair and physical fatigue by 35.3%.

Background: The Shimshin-6 formulation, composed of Rheum undulatum L., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke, Sal ammoniacum, and Tronae veneni, has traditionally been used in the management of gynecological disorders such as amenorrhea, abnormal blood clot formation, and pelvic pain. It has also been widely applied in postpartum care to promote uterine contractility and to prevent complications, including hemorrhage and inflammation. However, its therapeutic potential in postpartum uterine involution has not been scientifically validated. Aim: To investigate the effects of the Shimshin-6 herbal formulation on postpartum uterine involution in rats Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Research Center of the Institute of Traditional Medicine and Technology, following the methodology described by Zheng ZH et al. (2019). Postpartum rats were randomly assigned to four groups and received daily treatments for five consecutive days with either Shimshin-6 tablets at doses of 180 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg, Shimshin-6 decoction at 163 mg/kg, or physiological saline as a control. Serum concentrations of estrogen, progesterone, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and TGF-β3 were measured using commercially available ELISA kits (Shanghai MLBIO Biotechnology Co. Ltd, China). Following ethical euthanasia, uterine tissues were collected for histological examination, which included evaluation of uterine weight, endometrial thickness, myometrial structure, and glandular morphology. Results: Shimshin-6 treatment significantly reduced the uterine index and serum estrogen levels compared with the control group, while no significant difference was observed in progesterone concentration. The treatment also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels and modulated growth factors in postpartum rats. Histological analysis further revealed that Shimshin-6 promoted uterine recovery, despite the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhagic changes in the uterine wall. Conclusion Shimshin-6 preparation exerts a promotive effect on postpartum uterine involution in rats.

Background: Medicines with unique healing methods and European medical treatments and services, which have been used around the world to this day, are now being used in a combined form in the healthcare services of many countries, and the possibility of integrating them is a widely discussed issue among researchers. It is noteworthy that no independent research has yet been published that has analyzed in detail how the influence of Chinese and other medical schools has been reflected in the development of Traditional Mongolian medicine. It is considered important to analyze this issue individually, in each direction, to clarify the historical process of how Traditional Mongolian medicine was formed today. Aim: Conduct research within specific codes in the works of Mongolian doctors to identify the presence of Chinese medical data, knowledge, and information. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted using a qualitative research method based on historical and source books. Our study employed content and thematic analysis, utilizing coding and the identification of recurring patterns in the source text. Results: The results of the coding study show that most of the data used from Chinese meicines falls under the code “infection”. In Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir’s sourcebook, 42.8% of the information was coded as infection, in Tsakhar Gevsh Luvsanchultemi’s sourcebook 50%, in Mindol Khutagt Jambalchoyjidanzanperenle’s sourcebook 47.05%, and in Ishdanzanvanjil’s “Shuren Chimeg” 87.5% was coded as infection. After that, when the information included in the code “injury” is classified by each sourcebooks, 33.3% is found in Ishbaljir’s sourcebook, 0% in Luvsanchultem, 24% in Min dol Khutagt Jambalchoyjidanzanperenley, and 6.25% in Ishdanzanvanjil, which ranks second among all codes. Conclusion 1. According to the research results, 56.66% of the Chinese medical information in the above works is related to infection cases. 2. The integration of Chinese medicine learning with Traditional Mongolian medicine methods during epidemics such as “Bodoo” may be a major influencing factor that has shaped the current integrative medicine process.

Background: In traditional medicine, Jur Ur-4 Tang, which is widely used for the treatment of diabetes, has been technologically processed and transformed into a modern pharmaceutical form as soluble granules. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the pharmacological effects of the soluble granules derived from Jur Ur-4 Tang. Aim: To study the effect of granules extracted from Jur ur-4 Tang in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus in experimental rats. : Materials and Methods : T2DM in rats was induced by a high-fat diet and a low-dose streptozotocin (STZ 35 mg/kg). Then, oral gavage administration of three different doses of Granule (450 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg) was given to T2DM rats. Experimental results showed that Granule dramatically reduced the levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, and GLUT4. Results:: In the glucose tolerance test, granules at doses of 450 and 900 mg/ kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels at 60 and 120 minutes (p < 0.01). Additionally, the soluble granules at all tested doses significantly decreased blood insulin levels and increased GLUT4 expression (p<0.01). Conclusion The granules lower blood glucose levels.

Background: Lish-6 has been used for treatment pharyngitis, flu and throat disease. Lish-6 is composed from Eugenia caryophylla. Thumb, Saussurea lappa C.B. Clark, Schizostachoum chinense. Rendle, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Fisch, Gentiana algida Pall, Terminalia chebula. Retz. Anti-fever properties of these plants and their bio-active compounds have extensively been studied. Aim: To determine the anti-fever effects of Lish-6. Marerials and Methods: Fever was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at concentration of 0.5 mg/kg. Lish-6 was given orally at concentration of 92 mg/kg, 1 and 6 hours after the LPS administration. Rectal temperature wa measured 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hours after the LPS administration. Paracetamoli was given orally at concentration of 50 mg/kg. Blood levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay using rat kits. Lung tissue was examined by histopathological analysis. Results: The body temperature of rats in the normal group was 35.0±1.10С, while in the control group, periodic fever was caused by the effect of lipopolysaccharide (p=0.001). But in the Lish-6 drug group, rectal temperature decreased steadily (p=0.05). In addition, the IL-1β cytokine in the normal group was 3.24±0.31 ng/L and increased by 60.5% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 31% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). IL-6 cytokine in the normal animals was 21.1±0.2 pg/L and increased by 19.04% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 8.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p =0.05). PGE2 in the normal group was 43.2±0.3 ng/L, and it increased by 62.7% in the control group, indicating the development of a pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 53.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). Conclusion Lish-6 traditional drug has the effect of reducing rectal temperature, IL-1β, PGE2 and IL-6 cytokines during lipopolysaccharide-induced febrile pathology model.

Background: Erkhem-8 medicine is a composed Crocus Sativus L, Lagotis integrifolia, Gentiana barbata froel etc, used for the treatment of respiratory diseases, specially pneumonia and fever or hot disease in Mongolian Traditional Medicine. Aim: The effects of Erkhem-8 medicine to determine the some sourcebook study results. Materials and Methods: An evaluation of its effects on wind, bile, and phlegm was conducted using Traditional Mongolian Medicine methods (Dagvatseren B, 1996). In order to clarify the structure and composition of Erkhem-8 traditional medicines, and the treatment of lung fever from traditional medical sources. Text and source-study and comparison method were used in the study. Results: The study found that Erkhem-8 medicine demonstrated a varying capacity to suppress wind, bile, and phlegm, with bile suppression being the most significant at 0.68, followed by wind suppression at 0.58, and phlegm suppression at 0.16. Erkhem-8 is composed of 8 ingredients, which are safflower Carthamus tinctorius L, gmeline Bostaurus domesticus, Schizostachoum chinense Rendle, wood Santalum album L, Odontitis rubra Baung.Opiz, flora Gentiana decumbens L, herba Lagoti sintegrifolia Schischk, flora Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichenb. These herbs themselves have a variety of biological activities, including reduce heat, pain relief, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor, anti-inflammation activity. Conclusions 1. The study found that Erkhem-8 exhibited the highest suppression of bile (0.68), followed by wind (0.58), and phlegm (0.16), indicating its effectiveness in modulating these elements. 2. Most of the raw materials included in the composition of Erkhem-8 medicine have a bitter and sweet taste and have the ability to remove heat, especially heat of the solid organs, i.e. heat of the lungs, liver, blood, specially pneumonia and fever or hot disease in Traditional Mongolian Medicine.