Since the cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) was first introduced in 2004, CCEP monitoring has been utilized in various types of brain surgery to achieve maximal safe resection (MSR). MSR is the primary goal in improving the prognosis of glioma; however, this is particularly challenging when the tumor is located around eloquent areas. Since the complexity of the language network system makes it more difficult to achieve MSR, language area mapping is essential when tumors are located around these areas. Awake surgery has been the gold standard for intraoperative language area mapping.However, awake craniotomy is not always feasible due to various clinical and patient-related factors.CCEP monitoring has emerged as a promising alternative for intraoperative language function assessment under general anesthesia to overcome the limitations of awake surgery. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on CCEP-guided surgery, focusing on its effectiveness in preserving language function.

Background/Aims: Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) are widely used as palliative or bridge to surgery treatments in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction (MCO). Stent occlusion is more common with uncovered stents, but stent migration is more common with covered stents. Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and safety of a newly designed covered SEMS with an uncovered proximal flared end (CSEMS-UPF) with that of the conventional uncovered SEMS (UCSEMS) in the treatment of MCO. Methods: This prospective randomized trial was conducted at a tertiary-care academic hospital. We enrolled 87 patients with stage 4 cancer and MCO: colorectal cancer in 60 patients and extracolonic cancer in 27 patients. Insertion of UCSEMS was randomly assigned to 43 patients, and 44 patients received the CSEMS-UPF. The primary outcome was the duration of stent patency after successful placement. The secondary outcomes were the number of patients with technical and clinical success and early and late complications from the stent insertion. Results: The median patency of the stent did not differ between the UCSEMS and CSEMS-UPF groups (484 [231–737] days vs. 216 [66–366] days, P= 0.242). The technical and clinical success rates did not differ significantly between the groups, either (100.0% vs. 93.2%, respectively, P= 0.241; 100.0% vs. 92.7%, respectively, P= 0.112), nor did the early (n = 2 [4.7%] vs. n = 4 [9.8%], P> 0.999) or late (n = 12 [27.9%] vs. n = 15 [36.6%], P> 0.999) stent complication rates differ between the groups. Conclusions The UCSEMS and newly developed CSEMS-UPF are similarly effective treatments for MCO, with no differences in the stent migration or occlusion rates (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02640781).

Since the cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) was first introduced in 2004, CCEP monitoring has been utilized in various types of brain surgery to achieve maximal safe resection (MSR). MSR is the primary goal in improving the prognosis of glioma; however, this is particularly challenging when the tumor is located around eloquent areas. Since the complexity of the language network system makes it more difficult to achieve MSR, language area mapping is essential when tumors are located around these areas. Awake surgery has been the gold standard for intraoperative language area mapping.However, awake craniotomy is not always feasible due to various clinical and patient-related factors.CCEP monitoring has emerged as a promising alternative for intraoperative language function assessment under general anesthesia to overcome the limitations of awake surgery. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on CCEP-guided surgery, focusing on its effectiveness in preserving language function.

Background/Aims: Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) are widely used as palliative or bridge to surgery treatments in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction (MCO). Stent occlusion is more common with uncovered stents, but stent migration is more common with covered stents. Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and safety of a newly designed covered SEMS with an uncovered proximal flared end (CSEMS-UPF) with that of the conventional uncovered SEMS (UCSEMS) in the treatment of MCO. Methods: This prospective randomized trial was conducted at a tertiary-care academic hospital. We enrolled 87 patients with stage 4 cancer and MCO: colorectal cancer in 60 patients and extracolonic cancer in 27 patients. Insertion of UCSEMS was randomly assigned to 43 patients, and 44 patients received the CSEMS-UPF. The primary outcome was the duration of stent patency after successful placement. The secondary outcomes were the number of patients with technical and clinical success and early and late complications from the stent insertion. Results: The median patency of the stent did not differ between the UCSEMS and CSEMS-UPF groups (484 [231–737] days vs. 216 [66–366] days, P= 0.242). The technical and clinical success rates did not differ significantly between the groups, either (100.0% vs. 93.2%, respectively, P= 0.241; 100.0% vs. 92.7%, respectively, P= 0.112), nor did the early (n = 2 [4.7%] vs. n = 4 [9.8%], P> 0.999) or late (n = 12 [27.9%] vs. n = 15 [36.6%], P> 0.999) stent complication rates differ between the groups. Conclusions The UCSEMS and newly developed CSEMS-UPF are similarly effective treatments for MCO, with no differences in the stent migration or occlusion rates (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02640781).

Background/Aims: Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) are widely used as palliative or bridge to surgery treatments in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction (MCO). Stent occlusion is more common with uncovered stents, but stent migration is more common with covered stents. Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and safety of a newly designed covered SEMS with an uncovered proximal flared end (CSEMS-UPF) with that of the conventional uncovered SEMS (UCSEMS) in the treatment of MCO. Methods: This prospective randomized trial was conducted at a tertiary-care academic hospital. We enrolled 87 patients with stage 4 cancer and MCO: colorectal cancer in 60 patients and extracolonic cancer in 27 patients. Insertion of UCSEMS was randomly assigned to 43 patients, and 44 patients received the CSEMS-UPF. The primary outcome was the duration of stent patency after successful placement. The secondary outcomes were the number of patients with technical and clinical success and early and late complications from the stent insertion. Results: The median patency of the stent did not differ between the UCSEMS and CSEMS-UPF groups (484 [231–737] days vs. 216 [66–366] days, P= 0.242). The technical and clinical success rates did not differ significantly between the groups, either (100.0% vs. 93.2%, respectively, P= 0.241; 100.0% vs. 92.7%, respectively, P= 0.112), nor did the early (n = 2 [4.7%] vs. n = 4 [9.8%], P> 0.999) or late (n = 12 [27.9%] vs. n = 15 [36.6%], P> 0.999) stent complication rates differ between the groups. Conclusions The UCSEMS and newly developed CSEMS-UPF are similarly effective treatments for MCO, with no differences in the stent migration or occlusion rates (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02640781).

Since the cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) was first introduced in 2004, CCEP monitoring has been utilized in various types of brain surgery to achieve maximal safe resection (MSR). MSR is the primary goal in improving the prognosis of glioma; however, this is particularly challenging when the tumor is located around eloquent areas. Since the complexity of the language network system makes it more difficult to achieve MSR, language area mapping is essential when tumors are located around these areas. Awake surgery has been the gold standard for intraoperative language area mapping.However, awake craniotomy is not always feasible due to various clinical and patient-related factors.CCEP monitoring has emerged as a promising alternative for intraoperative language function assessment under general anesthesia to overcome the limitations of awake surgery. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on CCEP-guided surgery, focusing on its effectiveness in preserving language function.

Objective: The Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) was developed to assess cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the SCOPACog (K-SCOPA-Cog). Methods: We enrolled 129 PD patients with movement disorders from 31 clinics in South Korea. The original version of the SCOPA-Cog was translated into Korean using the translation-retranslation method. The test–retest method with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to assess reliability. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean version (MOCA-K) and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were used to assess concurrent validity. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.797, and the ICC was 0.887. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation with the K-MMSE and MOCA-K scores (r = 0.546 and r = 0.683, respectively). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the K-SCOPA-Cog has good reliability and validity.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of dry eye syndrome (DES) in children under 18 years old before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using nationwide population-based cohort analysis. Methods: This study utilized the database provided by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and the Korean National Health Insurance Service. We used claims-based data for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between October 8, 2020, and December 31, 2021, and those without a diagnosis of COVID-19. DES cases were defined as having at least one diagnosis of H0411 or H1621 based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes. The primary outcome was the evaluation of the hazard ratio for DES between the COVID-19 season and the non–COVID-19 season. Results: A total of 198,486 individuals from the COVID-19 season cohort and 211,828 individuals from the non–COVID-19 season cohort were included in the study. There were no differences in characteristics between the COVID-19 season cohort and the non–COVID-19 season cohort (all standardized mean difference, <0.1). The cumulative incidence of DES during the COVID-19 season was significantly higher than that during the non–COVID-19 season. The COVID-19 season DES incidence rate was 6,419.64 per 100,000 person-years and non–COVID-19 season DES incidence rate was 5,804.88 per 100,000 person-years. In addition, children aged 13 to 18 years, female sex, those living in metropolitan areas, and those with diabetes mellitus had a higher risk of DES. Conclusions The prevalence of diagnosed DES in children increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous years. Children aged 13 to 18 years, female sex, those living in metropolitan areas, and those with diabetes mellitus had a higher risk of DES. Further studies are needed to directly analyze the potential factors associated with the increased prevalence of DES.

Background: Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a proton uncoupler located across the mitochondrial membrane gener‑ ally involved in thermogenesis of brown adipose tissues. Although UCP1 is known to be strongly expressed in brown adipocytes, recent evidence suggest that white adipocytes can also express UCP1 under certain circumstances such as cold- or β-adrenergic receptor-stimulation, allowing them to acquire brown adipocyte-like features thereby becoming ’beige’ adipocytes. Results: In this study, we report that UCP1 can be expressed in adipose-tissue macrophages (ATM) lacking func‑ tional hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and this does not require cold- nor β-adrenergic receptor activation. By using myeloid-specific Hif-1α knockout (KO) mice, we observed that these mice were protected from diet-induced obesity and exhibited an improved thermogenic tolerance upon cold challenge. ATM isolated from white adipose tissues (WAT) of these mice fed with high fat diet exhibited significantly higher M2-polarization, decreased gly‑ colysis, increased mitochondrial functions and acetyl-CoA levels, along with increased expression of Ucp1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1a, and others involved in histone acetylation. Consistent with the increased Ucp1 gene expression, these ATM produced a significant amount of heat mediating lipolysis of cocultured adipocytes liberating free fatty acid. Treating ATM with acetate, a substrate for acetyl-CoA synthesis was able to boost the heat production in wild-type or Hif-1α-deficient but not UCP1-deficient macrophages, indicating that UCP1 was necessary for the heat production in macrophages. Lastly, we observed a significant inverse correlation between the number of UCP1-expressing ATM in WAT and the body mass index of human individuals. Conclusions UCP1-expressing ATM produce the heat to mediate lipolysis of adipocytes, indicating that this can be a novel strategy to treat and prevent diet-induced obesity.