Abstract The prevention and control of myopia in Chinese children and adolescents has become a major public health issue. While maintaining increased outdoor activity as a cornerstone intervention, there is an urgent need to explore new complementary approaches that can be effectively implemented in both indoor and outdoor settings. In recent years, environmental spatial frequency has gained increasing attention as one of the key environmental factors influencing the development and progression of myopia. Both animal studies and human research have confirmed that indoor environments lacking mid to high spatial frequency components, often characterized as "visually impoverished", can promote axial elongation and myopia through mechanisms such as disruption of retinal neural signaling, impaired accommodative function, and altered expression of related molecules. Based on the scientific consensus, it is recommended that "enriching of environmental spatial frequency" should be integrated into the myopia prevention and control framework. Following the principles of schoolled organization, family cooperation, community involvement, and student participation, specific measures are put forward in three areas：optimizing school visual settings, improving home spatial environments, and promoting healthy visual behavior. The aim is to create "visually friendly" indoor environments as an important supplement to outdoor activity, thereby providing a novel perspective and strategy for comprehensively advancing myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents.

AIM:To analyze the influencing factors of visual outcome after vitrectomy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)combined with vitreous hemorrhage and establish a predictive model.METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 129 cases(129 eyes)of patients who underwent vitrectomy for PCV combined with vitreous hemorrhage from June 2021 to January 2024 in our hospital. They were divided into elevated group(71 eyes)and non-elevated group(58 eyes)according to visual outcome at early posoperative stage(within 24 mo). Another 30 cases(30 eyes)of PCV with vitreous hemorrhage undergoing vitrectomy were selected as external validation data. The predictive value of the model for the postoperative visual outcomes of both internal and external populations was evaluated.RESULTS: The non-elevated group had a higher proportion of patients aged ≥60 years, diabetes, continuous abnormalities of the ellipsoid zone(EZ)during surgery, bleeding involving the macular fovea, and postoperative retinal scar formation than the elevated group were independent factors affecting postoperative visual acuity(all P<0.05). The AUC of the predictive model for predicting the postoperative visual outcomes of internal and external populations was 0.824(95%CI: 0.750-0.898)and 0.809(95%CI: 0.723-0.865), respectively.CONCLUSION:Patients aged ≥60 years, diabetes, intraoperative continuous abnormalities of EZ, bleeding involving the macular fovea, and postoperative retinal scar formation are influencing factors for visual outcome after vitrectomy in patients with PCV combined with vitreous hemorrhage. A predictive model based on those factors has been established, which has a certain predictive value for postoperative visual outcome.

Objective:To describe the temporal trend of disease burden of idiopathic epilepsy in China from 1990 to 2021 and predict the incidence of idiopathic epilepsy in China from 2022 to 2035 to provide references for the formulation of relevant health policies and measures.Methods:Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database regarding idiopathic epilepsy in China, changes in disease burden from 1990 to 2021 were acquired. Disease burden was quantified using age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (ASDR) and their 95% uncertain interval (UI). Temporal trend analysis was performed using a linear regression model to estimate the estimated annual percent change (EAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) in incidence of idiopathic epilepsy and their 95% CI. Additionally, incidence and number of patients with idiopathic epilepsy in China from 2022 to 2035 were predicted using Bayesian age-period-cohort model. Results:The ASIR of idiopathic epilepsy increased from 22.35 per 100,000 population in 1990 (95% UI: 15.04-30.92 per 100,000 population) to 28.19 per 100,000 population in 2021 (95% UI: 19.03-37.89 per 100,000 population), with an EAPC of 0.12% (95% CI: -0.10%-0.34%); ASPR of idiopathic epilepsy increased from 189.27 per 100,000 population in 1990 (95% UI: 132.48-252.95 per 100,000 population) to 214.71 per 100,000 population in 2021 (95% UI: 150.10-278.56 per 100,000 population), with an EAPC of -0.32% (95% CI: -0.57%-0.06%); ASMR of idiopathic epilepsy decreased from 1.86 per 100,000 population in 1990 (95% UI: 1.59-2.24 per 100,000 population) to 0.80 per 100,000 population in 2021 (95% UI: 0.67-1.00 per 100,000 population), with an EAPC of -2.96% (95% CI: -3.09%-2.82%); ASDR of idiopathic epilepsy decreased from 178.60 per 100,000 population in 1990 (95% UI: 143.44-220.63 per 100,000 population) to 101.39 per 100,000 population in 2021 (95% UI: 72.51-139.40 per 100,000 population), with an EAPC of -2.38% (95% CI: -2.54%-2.22%). The prediction model showed that by 2035, the prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy in China will be 28.27 per 100,000 (95% CI: 23.19-38.66), with an estimated 394,928 incident cases (95% CI: 324,037-540,128). Conclusions:From 1990 to 2021, the ASIR and ASPR of idiopathic epilepsy in China show an upward trend, while the ASMR and ASDR hace a decline trend. Incidence of idiopathic epilepsy in China is expected to remain stable over the next decade.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of using a simplified multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy type 1.Methods:Data from 158 patients with narcolepsy type 1 and 58 patients with non-type 1 narcolepsy who underwent overnight video-polysomnography (V-PSG) and MSLT in the Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University from March 2019 to April 2024 were retrospectively collected. By reducing the number of naps in the MSLT, the diagnostic consistency between the simplified MSLT and the standard 5-nap MSLT was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The DeLong test was used to compare whether there was a statistically significant difference between the simplified MSLT and the standard 5-nap MSLT. Cohen′s Kappa statistical analysis was performed to compare the diagnostic consistency between the simplified MSLT and the standard 5-nap MSLT.Results:The age of the 216 patients who were ultimately enrolled was 17 (13, 30) years, including 152 male patients (70.4%). The Cohen′s Kappa between the simplified 3-nap MSLT and the standard 5-nap MSLT was 0.875, which was 0.903 between the simplified 4-nap MSLT and the standard 5-nap MSLT (Bonferroni-corrected, both P0.001), indicating high and statistically significant agreement for both simplified protocols with the standard test. However, the DeLong test revealed that the area under the curve of the standard 5-nap MSLT (0.900, 95% CI 0.863-0.938) differed significantly from that of the simplified 3-nap MSLT (0.860, 95% CI 0.817-0.904; P0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the standard 5-nap MSLT and the simplified 4-nap MSLT (0.876, 95% CI 0.834-0.918; P0.05). Consequently, performing only the first 4 naps was sufficient for diagnosing narcolepsy type 1. Conclusion:The simplified 4-nap MSLT, specifically the first to fourth naps, may be used for the diagnosis of narcolepsy type 1.

Epileptic seizure classification serves as an essential tool for evaluating seizures in clinical practice. In 2025, the International League Against Epilepsy updated the classification framework for epileptic seizures. An interpretation of the key updates is provided, with detailed content presented below: "onset" is removed from the names of the main seizure classes; consciousness is used as a classifier instead of awareness; the dichotomy of motor and non-motor is replaced by observable vs nonobservable manifestations; epileptic negative myocionus is recognized as a seizure type, to clarify the key updates to facilitate better application of the consensus in clinical practice.

Abstract Myopia is a complex disease influenced by multiple factors, and its prevention and control require a thorough identification and monitoring of its risk factors. The paper examines the defocus characteristics of the visual environment and their association with myopia among children and adolescents, and further describes their role in the prevention and control of myopia, as well as analyses the limitations of the current study and proposes directions for further research. Finally, the paper calls attention to the etiological significance of the defocus characteristics in the visual environment during the development of myopia among children and adolescents, which could provide a scientific basis for optimizing the learning environment and designing other measures to promote myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents.

Tumors exhibit abnormal glucose metabolism, consuming excessive glucose and excreting lactate, which constructs a tumor microenvironment that facilitates cancer progression and disrupts immunotherapeutic efficacy. Currently, tumor glucose metabolic dysregulation to reshape the immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy efficacy is emerging as an innovative therapeutic strategy. However, glucose metabolism modulators lack specificity and still face significant challenges in overcoming tumor delivery barriers, microenvironmental complexity, and metabolic heterogeneity, resulting in poor clinical benefit. Nanomedicines, with their ability to selectively target tumors or immune cells, respond to the tumor microenvironment, co-deliver multiple drugs, and facilitate combinatorial therapies, hold significant promise for enhancing immunotherapy through tumor glucose metabolic reprogramming. This review explores the complex interactions between tumor glucose metabolism-specifically metabolite transport, glycolysis processes, and lactate-and the immune microenvironment. We summarize how nanomedicine-mediated reprogramming of tumor glucose metabolism can enhance immunotherapy efficacy and outline the prospects and challenges in this field.

Objective: To explore the association between sleep quality and dry eye symptoms in adolescents,so as to provide the evidence for reducing the prevalence of dry eye symptoms. Methods: The study population was adolescents aged 12-24 years from the Psychology and Behavior Investigation of Chinese Residents (PBICR) survey, which was conducted from 20 June to 31 August 2022. A stratified random sampling and quota sampling method was used to select 6 456 adolescents within mainland China. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Brief version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (B-PSQI) were used to assess dry eye symptoms and sleep quality. Multiple Logistic regression model was used to explore the relationship between sleep quality and dry eye symptoms in adolescents. The influence of gender on the association was explored by using interaction terms. Results: A total of 2 815 adolescents reported having dry eye symptoms, with a prevalence of 43.6%. Logistic regression analysis results showed an increased risk of exacerbation of dry eye symptoms in adolescents with poor sleep quality. The OR (95% CI ) for mild, moderate, and severe dry eye symptoms groups were 1.39(1.16-1.67), 1.52(1.28-1.81), and 2.35(2.02-2.72), respectively, compared with the ocularly normal group ( P <0.05). There was a significant interaction between sleep quality and gender on dry eye symptoms in adolescents ( P <0.01). Conclusions Sleep quality is associated with dry eye symptoms in adolescents, and those with poor sleep quality have a higher risk of dry eye symptoms. The effect of sleep quality on dry eye symptoms is greater in boys.

Objective The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics,treatment and prognosis of 13 patients with granulomatous prostatitis(GP),and to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment for GP.Methods The clinical information of 13 GP patients extracted from electronic medical records including demographic characteristic risk factors,clinical symptoms,laboratory findings,imaging findings(ultrasound,CT,MRI,FDG-PET-CT),treatment and outcomes were analyzed retrospectively from January 2018 to August 2023 at our center.Results The average age of 13 patients with GP was(65.69±6.46)years.And the average score of IPSS was(23.40±5.8).Five patients appeared positive results,of which 11 cases received digital rectal examination.The average level of pre-biopsy tPSA was(23.28±44.94)μg/L with fPSA/tPSA ratio of 0.11±0.05 and PSAD of(0.55±1.07)μg/l/mL.The pre-biopsy mean MRI PI-RADS 2.0 was(4.6±0.6)in this group of patients.Extraprostatic invasion was shown on imaging in 4 patients.The average number of biopsy needles was(19.6±3.9),and the pathological results showed tuber-culous granulomas in 2 cases(15.4％)and non-specific granulomatous inflammation in 11 cases(84.6％).Five patients received local treatment of the prostate after pathological confirmation(PVP in 4 cases,TURP in 1 case),2 patients re-ceived anti-tuberculosis therapy,and 3 cases were given antibiotics.Average follow-up was(20.6±11.2)months,and the average tPSA were(6.94±4.96)μg/L at 3-6 months after biopsy and/or surgery,with no obvious signs of malignancy during the follow-up period.Conclusion GP is the great mimicker of prostate cancer clinically and radiologically.Pros-tate biopsy is the method for confirming the diagnosis.For patients who are considering biopsy-free radical prostatectomy,it is important to consider the possibility of GP.

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and safety of lacosamide (LCM) in pregnant women with epilepsy.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted involving 6 pregnant women with epilepsy who were treated with LCM at the Electroencephalogram Monitoring Center of the Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2022 to June 2023. Their electroclinical characteristics, seizures during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and follow-up were summarized.Results:The 6 patients were aged 22 to 30 years at the time of pregnancy. Three patients were treated with monotherapy, with a daily dose of LCM ranging from 150 mg to 200 mg, while the other 3 patients were treated with combination therapy, with a daily dose of 150 mg. The seizures of 5 patients decreased during pregnancy compared with progestation except for the case 2 without adherence to Medication. No malformations were observed in the newborns, with the Apgar scores of 9-10 at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. The infants showed normal growth, development, intelligence, and motor skills in subsequent assessments. Two patients breastfed their infants, 1 for 6 months and the other for 14 months by the last follow-up, with a daily LCM dose of 150 mg to 300 mg during the breastfeeding. No adverse reactions were observed in the infants.Conclusion:The addition of LCM during pregnancy and lactation showed good effectiveness and safety, with no observed birth malformations.