Objective To explore the mechanism of total saponin from Panax japonicus(TSPJ)in alleviating neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)based on the activation of microglia mediated by MAPK signaling pathway.Methods In vivo experiments,mice were divided into normal group,model group and TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups.EAE mouse model was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein polypeptide.Each medication group was gavaged with corresponding drug solution once a day for 28 days.The number of Iba-1-positive cells was assessed using immunofluorescence,the protein expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β and MAPK signaling pathway related factors were detected by Western blot.In vitro experiments,murine microglia BV2 were divided into normal group,model group and TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups.LPS+IFN-γ was used to induce M1 polarization of BV2 cells,medication groups were given TSPJ intervention,the content of nitric oxide(NO)in cell supernatant,the expression of M1 microglia markers and MAPK signaling pathway related factors were detected,and ERK and JNK signaling pathway inhibitors were further used to clarify the molecular mechanism of TSPJ antagonizing neuroinflammation.Results The results of in vivo experiments showed that compared with the normal group,the cell body and number of microglia in cerebral cortex of the model group mice increased significantly(P<0.01),and the protein expressions of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01);compared with the model group,the number of microglia in cerebral cortex of TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups significantly decreased(P<0.01),the expressions of TNF-α,IL-6,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 protein significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the expression of IL-1β protein in TSPJ high-dosage group significantly decreased(P<0.05).The results of in vitro experiments showed that compared with the normal group,the content of NO in cell supernatant of the model group significantly increased(P<0.01),the protein expressions of CD16,CD86,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with the model group,the content of NO in cell supernatant of TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the protein expressions of CD16,CD86,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).TSPJ combined with ERK and JNK pathway inhibitors could further inhibit the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6,but there was no significant difference compared with inhibitors alone.Conclusion TSPJ can inhibit the activation of microglia by regulating MAPK signaling pathway,thereby reducing EAE induced central nervous inflammation.

Objective To explore the mechanism of total saponin from Panax japonicus(TSPJ)in alleviating neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)based on the activation of microglia mediated by MAPK signaling pathway.Methods In vivo experiments,mice were divided into normal group,model group and TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups.EAE mouse model was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein polypeptide.Each medication group was gavaged with corresponding drug solution once a day for 28 days.The number of Iba-1-positive cells was assessed using immunofluorescence,the protein expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β and MAPK signaling pathway related factors were detected by Western blot.In vitro experiments,murine microglia BV2 were divided into normal group,model group and TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups.LPS+IFN-γ was used to induce M1 polarization of BV2 cells,medication groups were given TSPJ intervention,the content of nitric oxide(NO)in cell supernatant,the expression of M1 microglia markers and MAPK signaling pathway related factors were detected,and ERK and JNK signaling pathway inhibitors were further used to clarify the molecular mechanism of TSPJ antagonizing neuroinflammation.Results The results of in vivo experiments showed that compared with the normal group,the cell body and number of microglia in cerebral cortex of the model group mice increased significantly(P<0.01),and the protein expressions of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01);compared with the model group,the number of microglia in cerebral cortex of TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups significantly decreased(P<0.01),the expressions of TNF-α,IL-6,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 protein significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the expression of IL-1β protein in TSPJ high-dosage group significantly decreased(P<0.05).The results of in vitro experiments showed that compared with the normal group,the content of NO in cell supernatant of the model group significantly increased(P<0.01),the protein expressions of CD16,CD86,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with the model group,the content of NO in cell supernatant of TSPJ low-and high-dosage groups significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the protein expressions of CD16,CD86,p-p38/p38,p-JNK/JNK,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).TSPJ combined with ERK and JNK pathway inhibitors could further inhibit the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6,but there was no significant difference compared with inhibitors alone.Conclusion TSPJ can inhibit the activation of microglia by regulating MAPK signaling pathway,thereby reducing EAE induced central nervous inflammation.

Objective To explore the effects of spermary on sexual behavior,gonadal development and sperm count production.Methods Fifty-six male zebrafishes of 10-month-old AB strain after fertilization were randomly divided into 7 tanks and set up as the normal group,model group,positive control group(clomiphene citrate group,Wuzi Yanzong Pills group),and Spermary low,medium and high concentration groups,8 fishes in each group.Except for the normal group,cyclophosphamide was given in water solution to establish the zebrafish oligospermia model,respectively.On 9 d of modeling,the positive control group was ad-ministered at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL in the clomiphene citrate group and 6 μg/mL in the Wuzi Yanzong Pill group;the spermary low,medium and high concentration groups were administered at 200,300,900 μg/mL,respectively.On 16 d of modeling,the normal female zebrafishes were placed in the culture tank of each group in a 1∶1 ratio,and the frequency of tail-chasing was observed and recorded in male and female fishes.The body length,weight,testis weight and sperm count were measured and the statistical analysis was performed by comparing the differences among the groups before and after drug administration(one-way ANOVA).Results Com-pared with the normal group,the frequency of tail-chasing of zebrafishes,body length,body weight,testis weight and sperm count in the model group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the frequency of tail-chasing of zebrafishes,body length,body weight,testis weight and sperm count in the spermary low,medium and high concentration groups all were significantly increased(P＜0.05),in which the vitality change of sexual behavior in the spermary medium concentration group was most obvious,and the increase of sperms count was most obvious.Conclusion A certain dose of spermary could effectively promote the sexual behavior,gonadal development and sperm count production in male zebrafish with oligospermia.The efficacy of spermary in enhancing the male sexual function and treating oligozoospermia and infertility de-serves to be studied.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the intestinal motility alterations and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) expression within the rat intestinal muscularis after ischemia reperfusion. Methods Thirty Wistar rats were divided randomly into IIR, monoclanal anti-ICAM-1 and sham group (n = 10), HR models were established by clamping-releasing the superior mesenteric artery. Gut transit was measured in vivo and intestinal circular muscle contractions were measured in an organ bath. The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemisty. Leukocyte infiltration and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified in sham and ischemia/reperfusion rats with and without monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 antibody treatment. Results The gut transit of monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 group was improved obviously as compared with IIR group. Circular smooth muscle contractility stimulated by ICAM-1 mRNA expression was 1.69 ± 0. 57 and 1.76 ± 0. 32 within the muscularis; Leukocyte infiltration into the muscularis was (5.6 ±2. 2) c/f and ( 18. 2 ±3. 1 ) c/f. MPO activity was (2. 03 ±0. 56) U/g and (6. 41 ± 1.25 ) U/g respectively. The differences were all statistically significant between IIR and treatment groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The expression of ICAM-1 protein in IIR and anti-ICAM-1 groups was not significantly different (P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions The up-regulated expression of ICAM-1 after ⅡR injury calls forth local infiltration of PMN within the intestinal muscularis, leading to intestinal motility dysfunction.

Physiology runs through and reflects the perspectives materialist dialectics.The law of the unity of opposites,qualitative and quantitative changes,double negation have been reflected in the physiology and necessity and contingency,essence and phenomenon have been in contact with physiology.To combine physiology teaching with materialist dialectics used in practical teaching,enables students to learn,understand and master the physiological knowledge and cultivate their dialectical thinking ability.