【Objective】 To elucidate the possible role of arginine and histidine in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by exploring the serum levels of semi-essential amino acids (arginine and histidine) in patients with schizophrenia and their correlation with psychiatric symptoms. 【Methods】 We selected 72 inpatients with schizophrenia admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from March 2021 to October 2022 and 72 healthy volunteers enrolled in Yanta Community during the same period as the research subjects. Serum arginine and histidine levels were measured in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls using serum liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We used the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) to evaluate the mental symptoms of patients with schizophrenia and analyzed the correlation of serum arginine and histidine levels with disease course, frequency of onset, and PANSS score. 【Results】 The levels of serum arginine (P<0.001) and histidine (P=0.011) in the schizophrenia group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The levels of serum arginine and histidine were significantly negatively correlated with the frequency of onset (rs=-0.410, rs=-0.262), total score of PANSS (rs=-0.298, rs=-0.256), positive factors (rs=-0.299, rs=-0.234) and cognitive impairment factors (rs=-0.251, rs=-0.296). In addition, serum arginine levels had significantly negative correlation with anxiety and depression factors (rs=-0.269, P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The serum levels of arginine and histidine in patients with schizophrenia are significantly lower than those in healthy individuals, and are negatively correlated with overall mental symptoms, severity of positive symptoms and cognitive impairment. The severity of anxiety and depression symptoms is negatively correlated with arginine levels. The detection of serum arginine and histidine can provide reference for the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of schizophrenia in the future.

【Objective】 To study the relationship between quality of life and clinical symptoms of patients with the first-episode depression. 【Methods】 The untreated patients (n=36) with the first-episode depression and the depression patients (n=71) on drug treatment were included according to the strict screening and exclusion criteria. Subjects in control group (n=59), who matched in age, gender and education, were included according to the corresponding enrollment criteria. World Health Organization Quality of Life—Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) and The Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS) were used to evaluate all the subjects. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were used to evaluate the depressive patients. 【Results】 There was no significant difference in age or education level between all the groups. The quality of life was significantly lower in the first group and the treatment group than in the control group; no significant difference was found between patients in the two depression groups. Correlation analysis showed that the total scores of physiology, environment and quality of life in the first group and the treatment group were negatively correlated with HAMD, HAMA and MADRS. SASS was positively correlated with the total scores of physiology, psychology, environment and quality of life. 【Conclusion】 The quality of life and social adaptation of patients with the first-episode depression and those with depression after treatment were significantly reduced. More serious depression symptoms are linked to the worse quality of life, while better social adaptation is linked to the better quality of life.

【Objective】 To investigate and compare the effects and mechanisms of risperidone and haloperidol on early socially isolated mice. 【Methods】 C57BL/6 mice aged 3 weeks were raised in single cages after weaning for social isolation （SI）， and the control （GH） group was raised normally. Eight weeks later （mouse adult）， the mice received intraperitoneal injection of equal volumes of normal saline （NS）， risperidone （RIS） and haloperidol （HA）. Then they were divided into four groups： GH+NS， SI+NS， SI+RIS， and SI+HA. The dose of risperidone and haloperidol was 0.1 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg， respectively. After administration for 14 days， through the open field experiment， elevated plus maze experiment， forced swimming experiment， nesting experiment， social interaction experiment， novel object discrimination experiment， and prepulse suppression experiment， the mice’s schizophrenia-like behavior was evaluated in terms of autonomous activities， emotions， cognition， and social behavior. We also detected dopamine type 2 receptor （D2R） and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 in the prefrontal cortex （PFC） and nucleus accumbens （NAc）. 【Results】 Compared with those in GH group， the anxiety-like behavior and depression-like behavior of SI mice were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while the nesting ability was significantly decreased （P<0.05） and social interaction and avoidance behavior were significantly reduced （P<0.05）； the cognitive function of PPI was impaired （P<0.05）. Compared with haloperidol， risperidone improved not only depression-like behavior and PPI impairment， but also anxiety-like behavior， nesting ability， social interaction， and avoidance behavior. In SI+RIS and SI+HAL groups， the content of D2R in NAC decreased significantly， and the difference of NR1 in PFC disappeared compared with the control group. 【Conclusion】 Early SI is a good model for simulating schizophrenia. Risperidone has a better intervention effect than haloperidol； risperidone and haloperidol may exert their effects through D2R and NR1.

Amisulpride,a kind of the second generation antipsychotics,was marketed in China in 2010.A series of clinical research and experience before and after listed,especially the data based on Chinese population,provided evidence for the generalization and application of amisulpride.In order to optimize the clinical application of amisulpride,and improve the prognosis of patients,Expert Advice on the Practical Use of Amisulpride in the Treatment of Schizophrenia is presented here.This advice is based on the recent evidence and clinical experience,for guiding the clinical medication of amisulpride.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy on blood glucose levels,anxiety and depression in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Ninety three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited and randomly divided into intervention group (n =48) and control group (n =45).Both groups received diabetes health education,patients in intervention group received additional group cognitive behavioral therapy.The glucose tolerance,glycosylated hemoglobin A1c were measured; the HAMA(Hamilton Anxiety Scale)scores,HAMD(Hamilton Depression Scale)scores and CSQ (Coping Styles Questionnaire) scores in patients were analyzed before and 6 months after treatment.Results After 6-month treatment the fasting blood glucose (6.33 mmol/L vs.5.94 mmol/L),1 h postprandial plasma glucose(12.40 mmol/L vs.11.46 rmool/L),2 h postprandial plasma glucose (10.24 mmol/L vs.9.13 mmol/L),A1 c (6.31％ vs.6.07％) in intervention group were decreased significantly,compared to baseline values (all P ＜ 0.05).The HAMA total score (9.98 vs.8.14),somatic anxiety (3.98 vs.3.48),psychic anxiety(6.00 vs.4.67),HAMD total score(10.74 vs.6.93),anxiety somatic(5.02 vs.3.26),block(2.24 vs.1.38)and sleep disorders(2.40 vs.1.40)in intervention group were all decreased significantly(P ＜ 0.01 or 0.05).There were significant differences in HAMA total score (8.14 vs.9.15),HAMD total score(6.93 vs.9.33),anxiety somatic(3.26 vs.4.38),block(1.38 vs.1.98)and sleep disorders(1.40 vs.2.03)between the intervention group and control group(P ＜ 0.01 or 0.05).And the negative coping style scores in intervention group was also lower than that of the baseline (26.74 vs..29.43).Conclusion The group cognitive behavioral therapy combined with diabetes health education for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may improve the glucose metabolism and depression and anxiety status of patients.

Objective To explore the morphological changes of the brain structure in youngsters first-episode depression.Methods Collecting 1 6 youngsters patients with first-episode depression and 1 6 healthy volunteers,separately examining morphological changes in their brain regions by MRI,and then analyzing data by Voxel-Based Morphometry in order to observe the damaged brain areas in depression patients.Results Comparing with control group,gray mater volume of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right fusiform gyrus decreased in depression patients.The gray matter density of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed negative correlation with HAMD scores.Conclusion The gray matter decreased in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right fusiform gyrus in youngsters first-episode depression patients.In addition,the gray matter density of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex had negative correlation with HAMD scores.

Objective:To explore how coping style and social support influence the quality of life in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, which act respectively as the internal and external mediating ways. Methods:A total of 283 patients with impaired glucose tolerance from 6 Three-A hospitals in China were surveyed with self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, trait coping style questionnaire, social support scale, and WHOQOL-BREF.
Results:Biographic data failed to predict the quality of life in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, while anxiety, depression, social support and coping style significantly influenced their quality of life.
Conclusion:The fact that emotional disorder, social support and coping style influence the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes also exists in patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

Objective To detect the genetic association between schizophrenia and rs1042724,rs384470 polymorphism at nucleotide of the nicotine-like acetylcholinergic receptor gene. Methods Observed in a sample of 98 parent/offspring trios where the proband net the American Classification and diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders. The Forth Revised Edition, criteria for schizophrenia using transmission/disequilibrium test(TDT) analysis. The polymorphism of nicotine-like acetylcholinergic receptor gene was detected with PCR methods and SNP typing in all nucleus families. Results Using a family-based association design we obtained evidence of an association between schizophrenia and allele of the rs1042724 polymorphism in the nicotine-like acetylcholinergic receptor gene(RR=1.31,2 (RR)=3.96,P＜0.05). Moreover the fact that transmission disequilibrium was observed when one affected offspring was selected at random from each family, suggesting that the results are due to association(McNemar 2 = 4.21,P＜0.05). There is no association between schizophrenia and rs1042724 polymorphism in the nicotine-like acetylcholinergic receptor gene (McNemar 2 =2.34,P＞0.05). Conclusion It shows an association between schizophrenia and the rs1042724 polymorphism at nucleotide of the nicotine-like acetylcholinergic receptor gene in Chinese.

Objective To explore the association among the depression,symptom phnotypes and polymorphism TPH A218C in the Han Chinese.Methods TPH A218C was determined using a PCR-based technique.TPH was genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism in 70 patients affected by depression and 70 unrelated controls.We evaluated the symptom phenotypes of cases applying the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression(HAMD). Results The TPH A218C genotype distribution in 70 patients with major depression was significantly different from that in controls(?2=6.946,P=0.031).The C allele in patients(44.3%) was significantly more frequent than in controls(24.3%) but the A allele(55.7%) and A/A genotype(31.4%) were significantly less frequent than in controls(75.7% and 62.9%)(?2=6.946,P=0.031).Meanwhile,among the males,a trend was observed toward an excess of TPH C/C(12.5% vs.6.3%) in patients and excess of TPH A/A in controls(75.0% vs.25.0%)(?2=8.103,P=0.017).There were no significant differences in three genotypes distribution among symptom phenotypes of cases.Conclusion There was an association between TPH A218C polymorphism and depression.The findings raise the possibility that TPH A218C polymorphism may exert differential effects based on gender.There is no association among TPH A218C polymorphism and symptom phenotypes of depression.

Objective To measure neuro-biochemical changes in brain of first episode major depression (MD) patients. Methods Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic (1H-MRS) examination of bilateralis frontal lobe and hippocampus was conducted in 21 first episode major depression patients and 21 age-, sex-and education-matched healthy controls. After this, major depression patients took selectivity serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for three months. Then, we examined the changes in NAA, Cho, Cr, Glx and mI in bilaterlis frontal lobe and hippocampus of patients. Finally, we compared the metabolism of the subjects with that of the controls. Results ① Bilateralis frontal lobe NAA/Cr, right frontal lobe Glx/Cr and left hippocampus NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr were significantly lower in MD patients than in the controls, but right frontal lobe and right hippocampus mI/Cr significantly were higher than those in controls. ② After treatment left frontal lobe and left hippocampus NAA/Cr significantly increased compared with pretherapy. Right frontal lobe mI/Cr significantly decreased. Conclusion Nerve cell activity disorder, abnormal second messenger and glutamicacid and glutamine may be involved in the pathogenesis of MD. Antidepressant can regulate abnormal metabolism and improve nerve cell activity.