The leukocytic phagocytosis rate and the index of phagocytosis of rats on cross-linked agar beads entrapped attapulgite clay (CAA) hemoperfusion were studied. The results revealed that the leukocytic phagocytosis rate and the index of phagocytosis descended significantly after 1 hour and rose gradually after 6 hours. Finally it reached the normal level after 48 hours. Hemoperfusion repeated two times gave similar results. In conclusion, the function of leukocytic phagocytosis declined temporarily during CAA hemoperfusion. Many times hemoperfusion will not notably affect the body's defense system of rats.
Agar ; Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Hemoperfusion ; methods ; Leukocytes ; drug effects ; physiology ; Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Materials Testing ; Microspheres ; Phagocytosis ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Silicon Compounds

In order to investigate the growth of in vitro cultured microencapsulated adre nal cortical tissues of rats, we produced the microcapsules by using sodium alginate, calcium chloride and poly-L-lysine, etc. The adrenal glands were taken out of 24 rats, half of the adrenal glands were microencap sulated (capsule group) while the other half were left free (noncapsule group). After 36 hours' in vitro culture, the concentrations of aldosterone and cortisol in culture solution were measured by radioimmunoassay. The two groups con tinued to be cultured for 24 and 36 hours with ACTH stimulation. The concentrations of aldosterone and cortisol at 24 and 36 hours were detected respectively. Parts of adrenal cortical tissues were observed under light microscope and electron micros cope. The results showed that the concentrations of aldoste rone and cortisol in the microencapsulated adrenal cortical tissues were signifi cantly higher than those of noncapsule group (P＜0.01). In the capsule group , the concentration of cortisol after 36 hours' ACTH stimulation was significantly higher than that before ACTH stimulation (P＜0.01). After 24 and 36 hours' ACTH stimulation, the concentrations of aldosterone and cortisol were sign if icantly higher in the capsule group than in the noncapsule group. In the nonca psule group, regardless of ACTH stimulation, no significant change was seen in the concentration of aldosterone and cortisol (P＞0.05). The cellular structure of adrenal tissues remained intact under light microscopic and electron microscopic observations, and the cells remained alive well. These data suggest that in vitro cultured cells of microenc ap sulated adrenal cortical tissues remain alive well. Microcapsule has not influen ced the secretory function of adrenal tissues. Microencapsulated tissues have a good response to ACTH stimulation.

AIM:To investigate the relationship between trace elements and oxidative stress in diabetic diaphragm. METHODS: Contents of copper(Cu), manganese(Mn), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe),cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr),cobalt(Co),molybdenum(Mo) and lithium(Li) in the alloxan-induced diabetic rat diaphragm muscles were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and their superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities and malondiadehyde(MDA) contents were detected. RESULTS: The contents of Cu, Zn, Cr and Li were lower and the Fe and Cd were higher in diabetic rat diaphragm muscles than that of the control group, but there were no significant differences in Mn, Co and Mo, between control and diabetic group. SOD activities decreased significantly and MDA contents increased significantly in diaphragm of diabetic rats as compared with the control group.In addition,in diabetic rats diaphragm, there was a positive correlation between Zn and SOD, and negative correlation between Zn and MDA, and Cd and SOD. CONCLUSION: Changes of the contents of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cr, Li and the increase of oxidative stress in diaphragm were found in the early diabetes, and Zn, Cd play an importment role in oxidative stress of diabetic diaphragm.

AIM: The pathological changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in diabetic rat lung were investigated.METHODS: Using immunohistochemical method and imaging analysis, the changes in iNOS and VIP were observed in normal and diabetic rat lung. RESULTS: In diabetic rats, the iNOS positive or weak positive staining was localized in epithelial cells of bronchi, epithelial cells of alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and arteries, but negative in endothelial cells of vein and capillary. Image analysis showed the area, the integral absorbance(IA) and relative contents of iNOS were significant lower than that of control (P

AIM: To evaluate the changes of diaphragm contractile properties and morphologic features in experimental diabetic rats. 糤THZ]METHODS: METHODS: Diaphragm contractility was assessed by twitch kinetics, maximal tetanic force (P 0) , tension-frequency relationship and fatigue index (FI) in vitro diaphragm strip preparations of 4th week diabetic Wistar rats, and compared with that of the control group. The structure of diaphragm was analysed in diabetic rats and control with Hematoxyline and eosin staining, Heidenhain staining and enzymatic histochemistry. RESULTS: The twitch (Pt), contraction time (CT), half relaxation time (RT 1/2 ) and FI decreased significantly in diabetic group as compared with the control group. There was no difference in Po between the two groups. The tension of diabetic diaphragm at frequencies of 25,50,75,100 and 125 Hz was significantly decreased compared with that of the normal rats. After diaphragm bundles were subjected to fatiguing stimulations and incubated with aminophylline at 250 mg/L for 30 minutes, the tension of diabetic diaphragm decreased remarkably at both high and low frequencies in comparison with that of the normal rats. In addition, the activity and optical density of ?-phosphoglycerol dehydrogenase in diaphragm from diabetic rats were significantly lower than that from control rats ( P

ObjectiveTo evaluate the change of extracellular matrix (ECM) in diabetic rat lungs.MethodsUsing special staining,immunohistochemical method and imaging analysis,the changes of distribution,area,integral optial density and relative contents of lung ECM in diabetic rats were studied.ResultsThe distributions of elastic fibres,collagenic fibres and reticular fibres increased and roughened.The type Ⅳ collagen strong staining was localized in alveolar septum,the basement membranes of bronchiole and capillary,and distributed in cordal,plexiform.Laminin was strong stained and found in alveolar septum,epithelial cells of alveolar,and the basement membranes of bronchiole and pulmonary vessels in cordal and linear distribution.Image analysis showed the area,integral optical density and relative contents of elastic fibres,collagenic fibres,reticular fibres,type Ⅳ collagen and laminin were larger in diabetic rat lungs than in control groups.ConclusionThese results showed that the changes of ECM in early diabetic rat lungs were abnormal.

AIM: The aim of this research is to study the earlier enzyme activity changes of the diaphragm in diabetic rats. METHODS: An enzyme histochemical method was used to observe the changes in the enzyme activities of dehydrogenases,hydrolases and oxidases in 4th week diabetic rat diaphragm. RESULTS: The activites of enzymes including SDH(Succinate dehydrogenase),MDH(Malate dehydrogenase), GDH(Glutamate dehydrogenase), ICDH(Isocitrate dehydrogenase), NADHD(NADH diaphorase), G-6-PD(Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), ACP(Acid phosphatase) and ANAE(Acid ?-naphtyl acid esterase) were increased in diabetic diaphragm compared with the control. LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase)and CCO(Cytochrome oxidase) activities were decreased, whereas NADPHD(NADPH diaphorase) showed no changes in diabetic rats. Eleven kinds of enzyme were analysed with image analysis.Optical density (A) of SDH, MDH, GDH, ICDH, NADHD, G-6-PD, ACP and ANAE in diaphragm of diabetic rats were significantly higher than that of control rats (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Increase in the aerobic capacity, decrease in the glycolytic capacity, and disturbance of lipid and energy metabolism were found in diaphragm of 4th week diabetic rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of chloroquine on metabolism of insulin,glucose,lipids and expression of insulinase gene (EIG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Fasting plasma insulin (FINS),fasting plasma glucose (FPG),glycoslated hemoglobin (HbA1c),plasma lipids and lipoprotein,insulinase activity of erythrocytes (EIA) and EIG were determined in 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus laking chloroquine for 14 day in dosage of 250mg twice daily,27 diabetic patients laking placebo and 20 normal subjects.Insulin sensitive index (ISI) were also calculated.Results Chloroquine caused a decrease in total plasma cholesterol,low density lipoprotein,EIA and EIG,and an increase in ISI,plasma high density lipoprotein and subclass 2.No change of these indices was observed in diabetic patients with placebo.Conclusion Chloroquine can ameliorate the dyslipidemia and insulin sensitivity of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.This may be due to a decrease in EIG,which may result in lowered degradation of insulin.

AIM:To evaluate the changes of lung morphologic features and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats. METHODS: The pulmonary structure of alloxan-induced diabetic rats were quantitatively studied with stereological methods. Changes of ultrastructure, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) of diabetic lung and serum were observed. RESULTS: The volume proportion of alveolar air and mean linear intercept of diabetic rats decreased remarkably in comparison with controls while the volume proportion of alveolar wall, the surface density of alveolar, the numerical density of alveolic area, the numerical density of alveolar and specific surface of alveolar increased significantly. The major change of the type II pneumocyte of diabetic rats was dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The other findings in diabetic rats had included the presence of thickened alveolar epithelial, pulmonary capillary basal laminae and blood- air barrier, the volume density, the surface density, the mean profile area and the mean perimeter of RER in type Ⅱ pneumocyte of diabetic rats increased remarkably. And the specific surface of RER was significantly lower as compared with controls. SOD activity decreased and MDA content increased significantly in serum of diabetic rats as compared with the control group. SOD activity in the diabetic lung was not different from that of the control lung. However, the content of MDA obviously increased in diabetic lung. CONCLUSION: The morphologic features and oxidative stress in early diabetic rats are abnormal thus the lung should be considered as one of the “target organ”in diabetes mellitus.

AIM: The phagocytotic function and morphological changes of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM) of rat in high glucose or high glucose and high insulin conditions were studied. METHODS: AM were harvested from Wistar rats by bronchoalveolar lavage and were activated by Bacille Calmette - Guerin (BCG), interferon a - 2b (IFNa - 2b)or BCG and IFNa - 2b. The adherent rate, nitroblue retrazolium (NBT). reduction function and the concentrations of NO and TNF-a in culture rat AM were evaluated. The ultrastructure of AM was Observed by using transmission elects microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: In high glucose or high glucose glucose and high insulin conditions, the adherence of AM postponed(P＜ 0.01 ), NBT reduction of AM significantly decreased(P＜0.01); the volume of NO and TNF-a produced by AM after stimulation with BCG and IFNa-2b + BCG was significantly lower in high glucose groups than in the controls (P ＜ 0.01); their surface pseudopodia was reduced and shortened and the numbers of Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum decreased. CONCLUSIONS:The impaired phagocytotic function and ultrastructure of activated rat AM were much the same regardless of high glucose or high glucose and high insulin level in a short time. Diabetic subjects were predisposed to infection of the lung, which was frequently recurrent or even fatal.