With the development of industrial robot technology, robotics has entered the medical field, and the research and development of new robots for many medical applications have become a significant research direction in global robotics. Robots are widely used in various aspects of dentistry, such as prosthodontics, orthodontics, implants, endodontics, and oral surgery. This article mainly introduces the application of robots in stomatology from the above five aspects.
Dental Care ; Humans ; Oral Medicine ; Orthodontics ; Robotics ; Surgery, Oral

The chemical constituents from the fruiting bodies of Tremella sanguinea were separated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel,ODS,Sephadex LH-20,and RP-HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data analysis,as well as comparisons with the data reported in the literature. Sixteen compounds were isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of T. sanguinea,which were identified as( 22 E)-5α,8α-epidioxy-24-methyl-cholesta-6,9( 11),22-trien-3β-ol( 1),( 22 E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol( 2),cerevisterol( 3),ergosta-7-ene-3β,5α,6β-triol( 4),( 22 E)-6β-methoxyergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α-diol( 5),ergosta-7-en-3β-ol( 6),4-hydroxy-methylincisterol( 7),2-pyrrolidone( 8),nicotinamide( 9),1-( 3-indolyl)-3-dihydroxypropan-1-one( 10),yangambin( 11),linoleic acid( 12),( 9 Z,12 Z,15 Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadeca-trienoate( 13),( 9 Z,12 Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-octadeca-dienoate( 14),crypticin B( 15)and 3-phenyllactic acid( 16). All compounds were isolated from T. sanguinea for the first time. Except for compounds 6,9 and 12,the remained compounds were isolated from the genus Tremella for the first time.
Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure

Objective To indentify the cognitive status of Chinese patients to acne and the influencing factors to theirs' cognitive status,so as to provide solid evidences for the prevention and treatment of acne.Methods A self-designed questionnaire was made to conduct this survey of 16,156 acne patients,who seeked to the treatment in the dermatological departments from 112 hospitals in China.The survey consisted of several parts,including the general status of patients,the patients' cognition of occurrence,development and risk factors of acne,whether the first choice was seeking treatment at the hospital when the patients had acne and the condition of selection of skin care products.The factors were analyzed,which could impact the cognition of the patients' behavior of treatment,how did the patients' cognition to influence their medical behavior and skin care as well as the consistency of assessment of the severity of acne by doctors and patients themselves.Results The acne patients studied had the best knowledge of "acne is a skin disease","it not only occurs in the period of adolescence" and "the disease can be prevented and cured",which accordingly accounted for 80.65％,69.16％ and 65.49％ of the total patients respectively.However,the awareness of acne patients to heredity,high sugar and dairy products as risk factors for acne was insufficient,which accounted for 48.72％,42.40％ and 18.25％ of the total patients,respectively.Gender,age,educational level,occupation and health knowledge were the main factors affecting the cognitive level of patients;the survey also found that men,patient with educational level of junior high or even lower educational condition,occupation of labor workers or farmers and patients were lack of health education with poor knowledge of the genetics and dietary were risk factors for acne;patients with age over 36 years or with mild illness had poor knowledge of dietary risk factors for acne;the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The analysis of the influence of cognitive status on medical treatment behavior and skin care showed that the better the cognition,the higher the probability of patients would choose medical treatment as the first choice as well as choosing functional skin care products;the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The consistency of assessment of the severity of acne by doctors and patients was poor (Kappa value ＜0.4),and the assessment of severity of acne by patients was more serious than doctors' assessment.Conclusions Patient's cognitive status will affect their medical behavior and skin care,and there is also a phenomenon that patients have a more serious assessment of their acne condition.It is suggested that health education for acne patients should be strengthened in clinical medicine so as to improve their knowledge of acne as well as preventing from acne effectively.

Objective: To investigate the regulation of curculigoside on osteogenic differentiation of MG63 and the protective effect on osteoporosis model mice. Methods: The effects of curculigoside on the survival rate of dexamethasone or H₂O₂ treated MG63 were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). The specimens were divided into six groups: blank control group, blank administration group, model group (dexamethasone or H₂O₂ treatment group), low dose group (dexamethasone or H₂O₂+1.0 μmol/L curculigoside), medium dose group (dexamethasone or H₂O₂+2.5 μmol/L curculigoside) and high dose group (dexamethasone or H₂O₂+5.0 μmol/L curculigoside), the sample size of each group was 10. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins [type Ⅰ collagen, integrin β1, osteoblast-specific transcription factor (Osterix), osteocalcin and osteopontin] in MG63 cells after 1, 7 and 14 days incubated with 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 μmol/L of curculigoside. The sample size for each group at each time point was six. The experimental mice were divided into 4 groups: blank group, model group (dexamethasone treatment group), curculigoside low-dose group (dexamethasone+5 mg/kg curculigoside) and high-dose group (dexamethasone+45 mg/kg curculigoside), twenty each. After treatment, the tibia of the mice in each group were subjected to sacral HE staining. The number of osteoclasts was counted, and the levels of oxidative related factors in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The MTT results showed that compared with the blank control group [(100±3.7)%], the cell survival rate decreased to (44.1±5.7)% after treatment with dexamethasone, and the survival rate increased to (79.7±3.8)% after treatment with 5.0 μmol/L of curculigoside. The cell survival rate decreased to (59.1±4.7)% after H₂O₂ treatment, and the survival rate increased to (80.8±3.5)% after treatment with 2.5 μmol/L of curculigoside. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of type Ⅰ collagen and integrin β1 in MG63 cells was significantly increased after 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 μmol/L of curculigoside for 1, 7 and 14 days compared with 0 μmol/L of curculigo side for the same period. After increasing (P<0.05), the expression of Osterix and osteocalcin was significantly increased after 1 day of incubation (P<0.05). However, compared with 0 μmol/L curculigoside treatment, the expression of osteopontin in MG63 cells was not significantly different after incubation with 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 μmol/L of curculigoside for 7 and 14 days (P>0.05). Compared with the blank group, the number of tibia osteoclasts in the osteoporosis model group increased. In the low-dose and high-dose groups of curculigoside, the tibia cortex was more continuous and the number of osteoclasts decreased. Compared with the blank group, the activity of oxygen in the osteoporosis model group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and superoxide dimutase and catalase were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusions Curculigoside promotes the differentiation of MG63 cells by increasing the expression of osteoblast differentiation-related proteins, and has a certain therapeutic effect on dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis mice.

Objective: To optimize the extraction conditions of baicalin from Scutellariae Radix by electromagnetic pyrolysis. Method: Based on single factor experiments, taking extraction time, material size and liquid-material ratio as factors, yield of baicalin as index, extraction parameters were optimized by response surface methodology, and compared with ultrasonic method, ethanol refluxing method and decoction method. Result: The optimal extraction conditions were as follows:extraction time of 2.41 min, material size of 100 mesh, liquid-material ratio of 33 mL·g^-1. Under these conditions, the yield of baicalin was 12.21%. The yields of baicalin by ethanol refluxing method, decoction method and ultrasonic method were 12.91%, 12.62% and 11.61%, respectively. The yield of baicalin by electromagnetic cracking extraction was close to several other conventional extraction methods, and the extraction time was significantly shortened. Conclusion: As a novel extraction technology of traditional Chinese medicine, electromagnetic cracking extraction has the advantages of high efficiency, energy and time saving, green environmental protection, etc. And it can provide a new method for the industrial extraction of baicalin.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome and health related quality of life in degenerative patients with kyphoscoliosis who underwent S₂AI placement and identify the potential risk factors of pelvic incidence variation postoperative and at last follow-up. Methods: The present study reviewed degenerative patients with kyphoscoliosis who accepted surgery utilized S₂AI screw between January 2015 and January 2019. 25 patients were included in our study, 4 males and 21 females, among these patients, the mean age were 58.84±6.03 years, range from 50-68 years. All patients were conducted long fusion distal to pelvis utilizing S₂AI screws. According to the variation of pelvic incidence at last follow-up, we divided patients into two subgroups: 1) Group I: Patients' pelvic incidence increased more than 5 degree compared with post-operation. 2) Group S: Patients' pelvic incidence varied less than 5 degree compared with post-operation. 13 patient (2 male, 11 female; mean age: 57.23±6.06 years) were categorized into group I, and 12 patients (2 male, 10 female; mean age: 60.58±5.73 years) were categorized into group S.Cobb′s angle, lumbar lordosis(LL), regional kyphosis(RK), sagittal vertical axis(SVA), pelvic incidence(PI), pelvic tilt(PT), sacral slop(SS) were recorded at pre-operation, post-operation and last follow up. The MOS item short from the health survey(SF-36) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were also recorded at pre-operation and last follow up. Results: There was no statistical difference in gender, age, preoperative Cobb angle, SVA between two groups. In group I, pelvic incidence were decreased postoperatively and increased at the last follow-up (56.92°±14.47° vs 42.69°±14.23° vs 51.62°±14.53°, P<0.05). In group S, pelvic incidence were decreased postoperatively (46.21°±12.26° vs 37.08°±12.99°, P<0.05) and remained stable at the last follow up (37.08°±12.99° vs 37.17°±13.34°, P>0.05). Cobb angle (46.08°±20.52° vs 19.96°±12.64° vs 20.28°±12.01°), RK (32.88°±15.28° vs-12.16°±17.75° vs-11.64°±17.29°), SVA (94.61±92.59 mm vs 25.49±23.89 mm) were improved significantly after surgery and remained stable at the last follow-up. HRQoL score was improved significantly in all patients at the last follow-up compared with preoperative (SF-36 PCS: 36.88±10.89 vs 67.91±10.46, P<0.05; SF-36 MCS: 33.48±10.96 vs 60.19±8.10, P<0.05; ODI: 46.00%±13.54% vs 23.40%±8.86%, P<0.05). Conclusion Pelvic fixation utilizing S2AI screw can provide substantial correction and patients' HRQoL can be improved significantly after surgery. Meanwhile, PI changed at the last follow-up in partial patient. The variation of PI may be associated with the preoperative sagittal malalignment.

Piloerection is an involuntary erection of body hairs that usually has physiological correlates such as cold or a strong emotional experience. Piloerection may also be a rare manifestation of seizure.Here, we report a case of 54-year-old man who experienced pilomotor seizures from temporal lobe epilepsy. The patient presented with sudden piloerection and no loss of consciousness many times a day. Magnetic resonance imagingof the brain showed threelesions in the right hemisphere, with the largest lesion in the right temporal lobe. A video-EEG showed an ictal discharge in the delta range with right temporal onset. Digital subtraction angiography excluded arteriovenous malformation. The lesion in the right temporal lobe was resected. Immunohistochemistry confirmed a cerebral cavernous malformation. There was no further seizure. A review of the published literature revealed that ictal piloerection as a lone manifestation is rare. Most cases of pilomotor seizure originate in the temporal lobe. Close to four fifth of the cases has a structural lesion. EEG was able to confirm the diagnosis of ictal piloerection in the majority of cases.

Metastatic brain lymphomas, which belong to secondary central nervous system lymphomas, usually originate from primary tumors of the bone marrow, testis, or orbit. Gastrointestinal lymphomas commonly metastasize to the lung or heart. We report here a case of brain hemorrhage due to metastasis from primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A 30-year-old male presented with headache. He was diagnosed to have gastrointestinal lymphoma 6 months earlier, and treated with gastrointestinal surgery. Pathological diagnosis was DLBCL. A PET-CT scan immediately after gastrointestinal surgery demonstrated no brain metastasis. On admission to the ward, imaging of the brain showed right temporoparietal hematoma. In the ward, the patient deteriorated with impaired consciousness. Repeat brain imaging showed enlargement of the hematoma. He underwent right temporoparietal craniotomy for the removal of a hematoma, and tumor nodules adherent to the cortex was found. Pathology confirmed a metastatic DLBCL in the brain. Literature review showed that this was the first reported case of brain hemorrhage from metastatic lymphoma. Metastatic central nervous system lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with a history of gastrointestinal lymphoma presenting with neurological symptoms.

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of neuromuscular scoliosis(NMS)patients with pelvic obliquity who underwent spino-pelvic fixation utilized traditional iliac screw(IS),second sacral alar-iliac(S2AI)screw or iliac sacral screw. Methods All of 20 patients who met the inclusion were included in this study,with 14 cases of poliomyelitis,4 cases of spinal muscular atrophy, 2 cases of muscular dystrophy,with 11 patients utilizing IS, 6 patients utilizing S2AI,and 3 patients utilizing ISS.The radiographic parameters measured pre-and post-operation and at last follow up included coronal Cobb angle,pelvic obliq-uity,and regional kyphosis.The SRS-22 questionnaires and the Oswestry disability index(ODI)and complications were collected. Results There were no significant difference in age,Cobb angle,pelvic obliquity and regional kyphosis among three groups,the follow up times was significantly shorter in the ISS group(H=15.183,P<0.01).In the IS group,the Cobb angle at pre-or post-oper-ation and at last follow up measured 70°,35°and 40°,the pelvic obliquity measured 24°,11°and 12°,the regional kyphosis mea-sured 36°,12°and 14°.In S2AI group,the Cobb angle measured 70.5°,25.0°and 26.5°,the pelvic obliquity measured 20°,10° and 11.5°,the regional kyphosis measured 37°,12°and 12.5°,showing significant improvement compared to pre-operation(P<0.05).In the ISS group,the Cobb angle at pre or post operation and at last follow up measured 64°,25°and 27°,the pelvic obliqui-ty measured 24°,9°and 11°,the regional kyphosis measured 53°,8°and 8°,showing a decrease after surgery with P>0.05,which may attribute to the small sample size in ISS group.The pre-operative ODI score was 42%,45% in IS and S2AI group,improving significantly to 26%,25.5% at last follow up.The ODI score in ISS group improved from 36% to 24% after surgery(P=0.068).The SRS-22 score improved significantly in three groups,with P<0.05 in IS and S2AI group and P=0.066 in ISS group.In the IS group, one patient had rod breakage and underwent revision surgery,one patient had deep infection and recovered with conservative treat-ment.In the S2AI group,one patient had S2AI screw misplacement on the right side.Conclusion In the surgical management of neuromuscular scoliosis(NMS)patients with pelvic obliquity,the utilization of either iliac screw,S2AI screw or ISS fixation can ob-tain satisfied deformity correction and improvement in health-related quality of life,however,the utilization of S2AI and ISS could reduce the implant related complications.

Background: Disease-modifying therapy is the standard treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in remission. The primary objective of the current analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of two teriflunomide doses (7 mg and 14 mg) in the subgroup of Chinese patients with relapsing MS included in the TOWER study. Methods: TOWER was a multicenter, multinational, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group (three groups), placebo-controlled study. This subgroup analysis includes 148 Chinese patients randomized to receive either teriflunomide 7 mg (n = 51), teriflunomide 14 mg (n = 43), or placebo (n = 54). Results: Of the 148 patients in the intent-to-treat population, adjusted annualized relapse rates were 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44, 0.92) in the placebo group, 0.48 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.70) in the teriflunomide 7 mg group, and 0.18 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.36) in the teriflunomide 14 mg group; this corresponded to a significant relative risk reduction in the teriflunomide 14 mg group versus placebo (-71.2%, P = 0.0012). Teriflunomide 14 mg also tended to reduce 12-week confirmed disability worsening by 68.1% compared with placebo (hazard ratio: 0.319, P = 0.1194). There were no differences across all treatment groups in the proportion of patients with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs; 72.2% in the placebo group, 74.5% in the teriflunomide 7 mg group, and 69.8% in the teriflunomide 14 mg group); corresponding proportions for serious adverse events were 11.1%, 3.9%, and 11.6%, respectively. The most frequently reported TEAEs with teriflunomide versus placebo were neutropenia, increased alanine aminotransferase, and hair thinning. Conclusions: Teriflunomide was as effective and safe in the Chinese subpopulation as it was in the overall population of patients in the TOWER trial. Teriflunomide has the potential to meet unmet medical needs for MS patients in China. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00751881; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00751881?term=NCT00751881&rank=1.
China ; Crotonates ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Multicenter Studies as Topic ; Multiple Sclerosis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Toluidines ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use