Kynurenine pathway (KP) is a major catabolic route of tryptophan, generating a series of bioactive metabolites including kynurenine, kynurenic acid (KA), quinolinic acid, and 3-hydroxykynurenine. Beyond its fundamental role in amino acid metabolism, KP exerts critical regulatory functions in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and immune modulation. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with onset in early childhood, characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Despite extensive research, the etiological mechanisms underlying ASD remain highly complex and incompletely understood, involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Emerging clinical evidence has consistently revealed a significant imbalance in KP metabolites in individuals with ASD, often accompanied by altered ratios of neuroprotective versus neurotoxic byproducts. However, the primary drivers of this metabolic dysregulation and its causative contribution to ASD pathogenesis are not yet fully elucidated. In this review, we systematically review the enzymatic steps of KP and the principal physiological functions of its major metabolites, with particular emphasis on their dual roles in neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. We then analyze the potential pathogenic mechanisms through which KP dysfunction may contribute to ASD, focusing on two interconnected etiological dimensions. First, KP imbalance can promote oxidative stress, which in turn triggers chronic inflammatory responses via microglial activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby disrupting neuronal homeostasis. Second, aberrant KP metabolism affects neurotransmitter systems, particularly glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling, leading to impaired neural circuit development and synaptic pruning. By integrating current findings on the KP-ASD association, this review offers a comprehensive etiological framework and a clinically relevant paradigm. Furthermore, we highlight that specific KP metabolites, such as the KA/quinolinic acid ratio, hold promise as peripheral biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease stratification. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting KP enzymes or receptors for personalized intervention strategies, while acknowledging the challenges in translating these findings into clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Salvianolate is a compound mainly composed of salvia magnesium acetate, which is extracted from the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza . In recent years, salvianolate injection has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanism of how it can alleviate cardiotoxicity remains unclear. METHODS: The cardiac injury model was constructed by treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) or azithromycin (Azi) in zebrafish larvae. Heart phenotype, heart rate, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were observed in the study. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was used to explore the underlying mechanism of salvianolate treatment. Moreover, cardiomyocyte autophagy was assessed by in situ imaging. In addition, the miR-30a/becn1 axis regulation by salvianolate was further investigated. RESULTS: Salvianolate treatment reduced the proportion of pericardial edema, recovered heart rate, and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in Dox/Azi-administered zebrafish larvae. Mechanistically, salvianolate regulated the lysosomal pathway and promoted autophagic flux in zebrafish cardiomyocytes. The expression level of becn1 was increased in Dox-induced myocardial tissue injury after salvianolate administration; overexpression of becn1 in cardiomyocytes alleviated the Dox/Azi-induced cardiac injury and promoted autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes, while becn1 knockdown blocked the effects of salvianolate. In addition, miR-30a, negatively regulated by salvianolate, partially inhibited the cardiac amelioration of salvianolate by targeting becn1  directly. CONCLUSION This study has proved that salvianolate reduces cardiomyopathy by regulating autophagic flux through the miR-30a/becn1 axis in zebrafish and is a potential drug for adjunctive Dox/Azi therapy.
Animals ; Zebrafish ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; Autophagy/drug effects* ; Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism* ; Cardiomyopathies/metabolism* ; Beclin-1/genetics* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use* ; Doxorubicin

The aging trend is intensifying currently,but there is still a lack of standardized diagnosis and treat-ment schemes for severe infections in elderly people.This paper focuses on the recommendations for immune-related clinical diagnosis and treatment routes as well as the idea of risk stratified diagnosis and treatment for elderly peo-ple,aiming to effectively prevent infectious diseases in elderly people and perform stratified management through systematic and scientific means of immune function monitoring and regulation,so as to enhance the standardized level of diagnosis and treatment as well as clinical treatment effect of infection in elderly people.

Aluminum foil for pharmaceutical packaging is a material used for solid dosage forms.Guideline 9625 of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2025 edition),built on the concepts of whole-process quality control and risk management,specifies the quality requirements for aluminum foil.This article analyzed and discussed the critical quality attributes and technical control points of aluminum foil by examining its fundamental characteristics,production processes,and relevant domestic and international standards.This article aimed to provide guidance for stakeholders in understanding and applying the guidelines,thereby enhancing pharmaceutical packaging quality and fostering standardization across the industry.

Aluminum foil for pharmaceutical packaging is a material used for solid dosage forms.Guideline 9625 of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2025 edition),built on the concepts of whole-process quality control and risk management,specifies the quality requirements for aluminum foil.This article analyzed and discussed the critical quality attributes and technical control points of aluminum foil by examining its fundamental characteristics,production processes,and relevant domestic and international standards.This article aimed to provide guidance for stakeholders in understanding and applying the guidelines,thereby enhancing pharmaceutical packaging quality and fostering standardization across the industry.

The aging trend is intensifying currently,but there is still a lack of standardized diagnosis and treat-ment schemes for severe infections in elderly people.This paper focuses on the recommendations for immune-related clinical diagnosis and treatment routes as well as the idea of risk stratified diagnosis and treatment for elderly peo-ple,aiming to effectively prevent infectious diseases in elderly people and perform stratified management through systematic and scientific means of immune function monitoring and regulation,so as to enhance the standardized level of diagnosis and treatment as well as clinical treatment effect of infection in elderly people.

Objective To observe the value of CT radiomics for differentiating spinal bone islands(BI)and osteoblastic metastases(OBM).Methods Data of 109 BI lesions in 98 patients and 282 OBM lesions in 158 patients(including 103 OBM in 48 lung cancer cases,86 OBM in 52 breast cancer cases and 93 OBM in 58 prostate cancer cases)from 3 medical institutions were retrospectively analyzed.Data obtained from institution 1 were used as the internal dataset and divided into internal training set and internal validation set at a ratio of 7∶3,from institution 2 and 3 were used as external dataset.All datasets were divided into female data subset(including OBM of female lung cancer and breast cancer)and male data subset(including OBM of male lung cancer and prostate cancer).Radiomics features were extracted and screened to construct 3 different support vector machine(SVM)models,including model1 for distinguishing BI and OBM,model2 for differentiating OBM of female lung cancer and breast cancer,and model3 for differentiating OBM of male lung cancer and prostate cancer.Diagnostic efficacy of model1,CT value alone and 3 physicians(A,B,C)for distinguishing BI and OBM were assessed,as well as differentiating efficacy for different OBM of model2 and model3.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were drawn,and area under the curves(AUC)were calculated and compared.The differential diagnostic efficacy of model2 and model3 were also assessed with ROC analysis and AUC.Results AUC of model1 for distinguishing spinal OBM from BI in internal training set,internal validation set and external dataset was 0.99,0.98 and 0.86,respectively.In internal training set,model1 had higher AUC for distinguishing BI and OBM than that of physician A(AUC=0.78),B(AUC=0.87)and C(AUC=0.93)as well as that of mean CT value(AUC=0.78,all P＜0.05).AUC in internal training set,internal validation set and external dataset of model2 for identifying female lung cancer and breast cancer OBM was 0.79,0.75 and 0.73,respectively,of model3 for discriminating male lung cancer from prostate cancer OBM was 0.77,0.74 and 0.77,respectively.Conclusion CT radiomics SVM model might reliablely distinguish OBM and BI.

Objective:To explore diagnostic value of artificial intelligence(AI)technique on intracranial aneurysm(IA)in multi-slices computed tomography angiography(CTA)for head and neck.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the cases data of 137 patients with suspected IA who were firstly diagnosed in Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2022 to December 2023,all of them underwent CTA and digital subtraction angiography(DSA)examinations.The results of DSA examination were taken as the"gold standard".The work efficiency and detection effectiveness of two groups for IA were analyzed through manual post-processing and diagnosis(manual group)and CTA with intelligent assistant diagnostic system on head and neck(AI group).Results:In 137 patients with suspected IA,the DSA examination showed that there were 139 aneurysms in 112 patients.The post-processing time was(190.25±30.71)s in AI group,which was significantly shorter than that[(954.37±95.68)s]in manual group,and the difference was statistically significant(t=92.020,P＜0.001),and the image quality of AI group was higher.In the manual group,102 cases with aneurysms were found,which showed good consistency with the"gold standard"(Kappa=0.713),while the AI group found 93 cases with aneurysms,which showed moderate consistency with the"gold standard"(Kappa=0.518).Both groups had higher diagnostic accuracy for the presence or absence of subarachnoid hemorrhage of intracranial aneurysm,but the difference of that between them was not statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).The detection rates of anterior cerebral artery,middle cerebral artery,posterior cerebral artery,anterior communicating artery,posterior communicating artery,vertebral-basilar artery,and artery aneurysms of internal carotid in manual group and AI group were respectively 80.00％vs.80.00％,92.59％vs.81.48％,100.00％vs.100.00％,84.00％vs.52.00％,83.33％vs.0％,80.00％vs.60.00％,69.23％vs.57.69％,and both of them did not found lesions of posterior inferior cerebellar artery.The overall detection rates of two groups were respectively 78.42％and 57.55％,and the overall detection rate of lesion locations of manual group was higher than that of AI group,and the difference in overall coincidence rate between two groups was statistically significant(x2=13.899,P＜0.05).DSA confirmed 7 lesions which aneurysm's diameter was＜3 mm,and the manual group and the AI group identified respectively 3 cases and 1 case for the 7 lesions.A total of 60 lesions with 3～5 mm diameter were found by DSA,and the manual group and the AI group identified respectively 50 cases and 43 cases for the 60 lesions.A total of 72 lesions with＞5 mm diameter were found by DSA,and the manual group and the AI group identified respectively 63 cases and 63 cases,without statistically significant difference between them(P＞0.05).Conclusion:AI technique can significantly improve work efficiency of diagnosis for intracranial aneurysm,and obtain better processing effects of image.Although AI technique has shown a certain value of reference and auxiliary in diagnosing intracranial aneurysms,its diagnostic accuracy and precise in identifying lesion location are still lower than those of manual diagnosis,and it need further deep learning to improve its diagnostic ability.

Infectious disease is a major public health problem threatening human health and social development, and infectious disease teaching is an important part of public health education. However, traditional infectious disease teaching faces challenges such as overly theoretical and fragmented content, overly traditional and monotonous methods, and a narrow and isolated vision, which makes it difficult to adapt to the current complex and changing situation of infectious disease prevention and control. The “One Health” concept emphasizes interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral, and cross-regional communication and cooperation to achieve the harmonious unity of health for humans, animals, and the environment, which is significant in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. This paper proposes some ideas for reforming infectious disease teaching based on the One Health concept, which aims to improve the quality and effectiveness of infectious disease teaching by recognizing the close connection between human health, animal health, and environmental health. Specifically, it is suggested to reform the teaching in four aspects: introducing the basic concepts, principles, and practices of One Health, increasing the content of infectious diseases related to One Health, adopting diversified and interactive teaching methods, and establishing cross-disciplinary teaching cooperation. Concrete recommendations are provided for each aspect. This paper argues that reforming infectious disease teaching based on the One Health concept is conducive to cultivating public health talents with global vision, systems thinking, and cross-disciplinary collaboration capabilities, providing robust talent support for coping with emerging, re-emerging, and endemic infectious disease threats.

Objective:To investigate the effects of 2 650 MHz radiofrequency (RF) exposure on the behavior and neurotransmitter release of mice.Methods:Adult male C57BL/6N mice were divided into a normal control (CON) group and a radiofrequency radiation (RFR) group using the random number table method. The mice in the RFR group were subjected to single-dose whole-body exposure to a uniform 2 650 MHz RF electromagnetic field for 3 h. During the RF exposure, the field strength in the effective working area of the RF radiation platform was measured using an electromagnetic radiation analyzer, and the changes in the anal temperature of the mice were monitored using an optical fiber thermometer. Moreover, the changes in the cognition, social interaction, and emotion of the mice were determined through the new object recognition test, social preference test, and open field test. Finally, the changes in the hippocampal neurotransmitter release levels of the mice were detected using microdialysis sampling and mass spectrometry, and the changes in the hippocampal tissue structure and ultrastructure were observed via microscopy.Results:Under the test conditions, RF radiation improved the anal temperature of the mice, with a maximum increasing amplitude of 0.61℃, falling within the range of thermal safety. The mice in the RFR group experienced a significant decrease in the frequency and time for exploring new objects ( t=4.50, 2.53, P < 0.05) in the new object recognition test, a significant decrease in the frequency ( t=0.08, P<0.01) and time ( t=0.03, P<0.05) for exploring other mice in the social preference test, and no significant change in the frequency and time for exploring the central area ( P > 0.05) in the open field test. Compared to the CON group, the RFR group showed an increase in the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ( t=-2.56, P < 0.05) and a decrease in the release of acetylcholine (ACh) ( t=2.21, P < 0.05), no significant difference in the release of glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ( P > 0.05), and no evident damage to the hippocampal tissue and structure and synaptic ultrastructure. Conclusions:2 650 MHz RF radiation may induce cognitive impairment and abnormal social preference in mice, which is attributed to neuronal dysfunctions and neurotransmitter release disorders under RF exposure.