Background: Currently, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. CRC frequently metastasizes to the liver (50%), lungs (10–15%), peritoneum (4%), bones (10.7%–23.7%), brain (0.3%–6%), and spinal cord. Approximately 35% of CRC cases are diagnosed before distant metastasis, 36% upon lymph node involvement, and 23% after distant organ metastasis. Although several studies have established primary tumor models in mice in our country, there are limited studies on experimental lung metastasis models, prompting the need for this research. Aim: To establish and evaluate a lung metastasis model of colorectal cancer in C57BL/6J mice using the MC38 cell line. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Board of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (2023/3-09) and all laboratory safety regulations and protocols were strictly followed. Male C57BL/6J mice bred at the Experimental Animal Center of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were used. MC38 murine colorectal carcinoma cells were cultured and injected intravenously (via the tail vein) at a concentration of 0.25×10⁶ cells per mouse (n=12) to induce lung metastasis. Histological analysis was subsequently performed. Results: Histological examination revealed significant alterations in lung tissue architecture, characterized by areas of dense infiltration by pleomorphic, hyperchromatic cells, disrupting the normal alveolar structure. No histological abnormalities were observed in other organs. Conclusion Intravenous injection of MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells into the tail vein of C57BL/6J mice successfully induced lung metastases, characterized by hyperchromatic, pleomorphic cell infiltrates forming glandular structures within the lung parenchyma.

Background: In recent years, scientists have found that certain natural compounds have significant potential in cancer prevention and early-stage cancer treatment. Flavanones, a class of polyphenolic compounds found in plants, vegetables, seeds, fruit peels, and flowers, have been identified to possess anticancer, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, and antibacterial bioactivities. Cancer has become a major global challenge in terms of both economic and public health concerns. Global statistics indicate that 22.8% of deaths are attributed to non-communicable diseases, and 16.8% are caused by cancer, accounting for one in four and one in six deaths, respectively. Aim : To investigate anticancer effects of Iris Tenuifolia-derived flavanone on cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods : The study was conducted at the Bio-Medical Research Institute of the Mongolian National Uni versity of Medical Sciences, investigating the effect of flavanones on cancer cell viability under in vitro conditions using the MTT assay. In the study, colon, liver, and lung cancer cells were cultured, stabilized, and used for the experiments. Colorectal cancer cells (MC38), liver cancer cells (HepG2), and lung cancer cells (A549) were revived, cultured, and stabilized for use in the experimental procedures. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010, and graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism 8. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student’s t-test, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : We treated MC38, HepG2, and A549 cancer cells with different concentrations of flavanone (2.5 µM, 5 µM, and 10 µM) for 24 to 48 hours to evaluate cell viability. Flavanone inhibited A549 cell viability by 2.5 μM-10%, 5 μM-25%, and 10 μM-38%, respectively. For HepG2 cells, flavanone treatment at concentrations of 5-10 µM reduced cell viability by 28–58%. No statistically significant effect on the viability of MC38 cells was observed following treatment with flavanone at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 10 µM. Additionally, although MC38 inhibited cell viability in a dose-de pendent manner in cell cultures, it had a statistically significant effect at higher concentrations of 30-200 μM (p<0.01). Conclusion Flavanone inhibits the cancer cell viability in a dose and time dependent manner

Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic temperament, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.

Background: In the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, in addition to mechanical plaque control, the use of chemical plaque control such as mouth rinses for a certain period has shown a positive effect on treatment outcomes and prognosis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic mouthwash in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed for a period of 2 weeks on 45 systemically healthy subjects between 20 and 25 years having plaque-induced gingivitis. The study population was divided into three groups. Group 1-15 subjects were advised experimental (probiotic) mouthwash. Group 2-15 subjects were advised positive control (chlorhexidine) mouthwash and Group 3-15 subjects into a negative control group. Oral prophylaxis was done for all groups at baseline. After the proper oral hygiene instructions, groups 1 and 2 were instructed to rinse their mouth with 15 ml of their respective mouthwashes, for 1 min twice daily, 30 min after brushing. Clinical parameters such as Full mouth plaque score (FMPS), Full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks respectively. Results: At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of FMBS and FMPS mean values (p=0.174, p=0.887). At day 14, the FMPS, FMBS mean values were significantly reduced by all treatment modalities ranking probiotic and chlorhexidine is greater than negative control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion The probiotic mouthwash was effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis.

Background: Medicines with unique healing methods and European medical treatments and services, which have been used around the world to this day, are now being used in a combined form in the healthcare services of many countries, and the possibility of integrating them is a widely discussed issue among researchers. It is noteworthy that no independent research has yet been published that has analyzed in detail how the influence of Chinese and other medical schools has been reflected in the development of Traditional Mongolian medicine. It is considered important to analyze this issue individually, in each direction, to clarify the historical process of how Traditional Mongolian medicine was formed today. Aim: Conduct research within specific codes in the works of Mongolian doctors to identify the presence of Chinese medical data, knowledge, and information. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted using a qualitative research method based on historical and source books. Our study employed content and thematic analysis, utilizing coding and the identification of recurring patterns in the source text. Results: The results of the coding study show that most of the data used from Chinese meicines falls under the code “infection”. In Sumbe Khamba Ishbaljir’s sourcebook, 42.8% of the information was coded as infection, in Tsakhar Gevsh Luvsanchultemi’s sourcebook 50%, in Mindol Khutagt Jambalchoyjidanzanperenle’s sourcebook 47.05%, and in Ishdanzanvanjil’s “Shuren Chimeg” 87.5% was coded as infection. After that, when the information included in the code “injury” is classified by each sourcebooks, 33.3% is found in Ishbaljir’s sourcebook, 0% in Luvsanchultem, 24% in Min dol Khutagt Jambalchoyjidanzanperenley, and 6.25% in Ishdanzanvanjil, which ranks second among all codes. Conclusion 1. According to the research results, 56.66% of the Chinese medical information in the above works is related to infection cases. 2. The integration of Chinese medicine learning with Traditional Mongolian medicine methods during epidemics such as “Bodoo” may be a major influencing factor that has shaped the current integrative medicine process.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is a third leading cause of non-communicable diseases and a leading cause of mortality in Mongolia. Among these, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a complication of coronary artery disease (CAD), is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. In patients with AMI, both epicardial artery blood flow, observed through coronary angiography, and coronary microcirculatory dysfunction (CMD) play critical roles in the disease’s pathophysiology. Recent advancements have introduced artificial intelligence (AI)-based softwares which are capable of analyzing coronary blood flow from coronary angiography images. The AI based softwares can assess not only epicardial blood flow but also CMD in recent studies. In this review, we discussed the role of CMD in pathophysiology of AMI, diagnostic approaches, the application of AI-based technologies, their clinical significance, and future directions. Aim: This review aims to explore the pathophysiological relationship of coronary microcirculatory dysfunction (CMD) in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diagnostic methodologies, the application of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies, and their clinical significance. Hypotheses: 1. AI-based software allows for highly accurate assessment of coronary microcirculation during AMI. 2. CMD during AMI is associated with structural and functional changes in the heart. 3. CMD during AMI is related to disease prognosis and patient outcomes. Methodology:: This narrative review was compiled using a systematic and logical approach, based on publicly available recent clinical and biomedical research literature addressing the above hypotheses. Conclusion In recent years, AI-based image processing software has been developed to analyze angiographic images obtained during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and treatment procedures. These tools show significant promise for early detection and improved diagnosis of CMD during AMI, as well as for better assessment of short- and long-term patient risk.

Background: The aging of the world’s population will determine global health trends. According to the 2021 report of the Capital City Health Department, the average life expectancy of the Mongolian population is 71.3 years (male 67.3, female 76.7), the difference between male and female life expectancy is 9.4 years, and elderly people aged 60 and over account for 8.1% of the total population. The report also shows that 6.5% of all outpatient visits are for people aged 60-64, and 9% are for people aged 65 and over, which means that they do not receive adequate health care services. Therefore, it is important to increase the access to and quality of health care services provided to the elderly in order to improve their health and quality of life. Comorbidities that are common among the elderly are one of the pressing issues in the health sector. Aim: We aimed to study the prevalence and risk factors of multi-morbidities among older adults (aged sixty years and over) in urban and rural areas. Materials and Methods: To accomplish our aim, we conducted 156 lifestyle related questionnaires and 18 health related questionnaires among 720 older people in Ulaanbaatar city and rural areas, and created the database. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the quantitative influence of factors using single and multi-factor linear (β-coefficient) and binary logistic regression (odds ratio, CI 95%) methods, and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Apriori algorithm in SPSS was used to determine the relationship between multiple chronic diseases in the elderly people. Results: The prevalence of comorbidity was higher in urban areas (48.1%) and rural areas (51.9%), and ageing (urban areas OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 0.9-6.2; rural areas OR: 6.35, 95% CI: 1.47-27.4, P<0.01) was a risk factor of multi-morbidities. Multimorbidity is defined as the presence of 2 or more chronic conditions, and 3, 4, and 5 chronic conditions were co-occurred to older adults with chronic conditions, 28.7% (165). 11 common patterns of relationships in urban areas and 18 common patterns of relationships in rural areas (support (A→B)>3%, confidence (A→B)>30%, lift (A→B)>1) were determined. Conclusion Multimorbidity was different in urban and rural areas, 11 common patterns in urban areas and 18 common patterns in rural areas were determined. It has shown that the prevalence of multimorbidity was different in urban and rural areas.

Background: Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to conceive despite engaging in regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for over a year. Assisted reproductive technology (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF), has emerged as the most widely utilized solution for infertility. The cause of infertility, a woman's ovarian reserve, response, egg and sperm quality, the number and quality of embryos, and various other factors influence the outcome of IVF. Despite significant advancements in ART, predicting IVF outcomes remains challenging, especially when tailoring treatment strategies to individual patient factors. Aim: To investigate the clinical indicators, ovarian reserve markers, and stimulation outcomes influencing the success of IVF treatment in Mongolian women. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at the Unimed International Hospital IVF Center between October 2023 and August 2024. Clinical and demographic factors, ovarian reserve markers (FSH, AMH, AFC), and ovarian stimulation outcomes were analyzed in 242 women aged 25-44 years undergoing IVF. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors and predictors of clinical pregnancy, with a statistical significance threshold set at p<0.05. Results: Among 208 women who underwent embryo transfer, the clinical pregnancy rate was 36.5%, and biochemical pregnancy was observed in 38.4%. Age was a significant predictor, with older age groups (35-39 years: OR=7.11, p=0.004; 40-44 years: OR=12.65, p=0.004) associated with reduced IVF success. Ovarian reserve markers, including AMH (OR=2.49, p<0.001) and AFC (OR=1.56, p<0.001), were significantly correlated with pregnancy outcomes, whereas FSH was not significant (p=0.518). Higher numbers of pre-ovulatory follicles (POF) (OR=1.03, p=0.040) and high-grade embryos (OR=1.26, p=0.045) increased the likelihood of clinical pregnancy. No significant associations were observed between total gonadotrophin dosage, ovarian sensitivity index, and fertilization rate with pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion Age and ovarian reserve markers (AMH, AFC) are critical predictors of IVF success, while pre-ovulatory follicle counts and number of high-grade embryos significantly enhance pregnancy likelihood. These findings emphasize the importance of personalized ART protocols tailored to ovarian reserve and age-related factors to optimize IVF outcomes.

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), also known as Morris syndrome, is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by a 46XY karyotype and a female external phenotype. We present the case of a 32-year-old patient who presented to Unimed International Hospital in 2024 with primary amenorrhea, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. Clinical examination, imaging, and laboratory investigations led to the diagnosis of CAIS. Laparoscopic surgery was performed to remove bilateral gonadal structures and a cystic mass on the left side. Histopathological analysis revealed testicular tissue and a serous cystadenoma originating from the left mesonephric remnant. Following gonadectomy, hormone replacement therapy was initiated, resulting in stabilization of hormone levels. This rare case highlights the possibility of mesonephric remnant-derived cystadenoma in CAIS and underscores the diagnostic value of cytogenetic and histological evaluations, especially in distinguishing between ovarian and testicular tissue when imaging findings are inconclusive.

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are steadily increasing both globally and in Mongolia. As these rates rise, traditional Mongolian medicine has long utilized herbal formulas for the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers and precancerous conditions. One such formulation—Hot Natured 3 Herbs (HN3H)—comprises three species from the Ranunculaceae family: Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.. However, scientific validation of its anti-tumor effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HN3H in a tumor-induced animal model. Aim: To identify the biologically active compounds of HN3H and evaluate their effect in an experimentally induced tumor model in animals. Materials and Methods: The three herbs comprising HN3H—Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.—were collected during their flowering stage (May–June) in Khishig-Undur, Bulgan province, and dried according to official procedures. Extraction was carried out by maceration in 96% ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. The concentrated extract was suspended in water (1:1) and successively fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Protocol №2020/03-04). A colorectal cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of MC-38 cells (Kerafast, USA) into C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed using CK20, CDX2, Ki67, and p53 antibodies at 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions. Results: The ethanol extract of HN3H contained 2.98±0.04% total phenolics and 2.16±0.05% total flavonoids. Body weight and tumor volume were measured daily with three repetitions. All groups showed a time-dependent increase in body weight. Mice in groups 1A and 1B received ethanol extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses; groups 2A and 2B received dichloromethane extract at the same doses. The negative control group was administered 0.5 mg/kg PBS orally, while the positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) at 10 mg/kg twice a week. Tumor growth increased in a time-dependent manner across groups. Compared to the negative control, tumor volumes in four treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction (p˂0.05), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the positive control (p=0.08). Histological analysis revealed necrosis in all groups, with variation in extent. Conclusion The ethanol extract of HN3H exhibited moderate levels of phenolic compounds and a high concentration of flavonoids. HN3H extract inhibited tumor progression and activated lymphocyte-predominant inflammation in tumor tissues, indicating potential anti-tumor activity (p˂0.05).