Objective:To analyze the characteristics of viral isolation and unique recombinant from untreated HIV-1 patients infected through sexual transmission and injection drug use, so as to provide evidence for understanding the biological characteristics and precise prevention and control of HIV-1 infection in different transmission routes.Methods:In view of the different HIV-1 transmission risks, newly diagnosed untreated HIV-1 patients from Beijing, Guangxi and Sichuan were carefully selected. Venous blood was collected to detect the viral load and CD4 + T cell count, and peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated for virus isolation. Viral RNAs were extracted from the virus supernatant, and the near full-length genome sequences were obtained using in-house method, then the recombination patterns were determined. Results:Among the 65 HIV-1 infection, 32(49.2%), 20(30.8%) and 13(20.0%) were infected via men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexual and injection drug use (IDU), respectively; genotypes mainly included 26(40.0%) CRF07_ BC, 23(35.4%) CRF01_ AE, and 9(13.8%) unique recombinant types (URFs). A total of 46 HIV-1 clinical strains were isolated. The positive rate of HIV-1 isolation was significantly negatively correlated with CD4 + T cells ( X2=4.22, P=0.04), but positively correlated with viral load ( X2=22.4, P<0.001); the multi-variate generalized estimating equations(GEE) model analysis of HIV-1 P24 antigen content showed similar result. In addition, GEE model showed a positive correlation between viral P24 antigen content and virus-producing culture time (52.14, 95% CI: 9.42~94.87, P=0.017). Viral growth curve analysis showed that the level of viral P24 antigen in MSM Group was significantly higher than that in heterosexual group and IDU group (adjusted P values were p<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), on the 14th day after culture. The proportion of URFs in MSM Group was higher than that in heterosexual group, and the recombinant breakpoints in MSM Group were more than that in heterosexual group. Conclusions:MSM population was more sensitive to HIV-1 virus isolation; there was unique diversity of recombinant forms of HIV-1 among those with sexually transmitted infections, especially in the MSM population.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of serum C-peptide level on the progression of liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MethodsA total of 484 patients with T2DM who were admitted to Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, from December 2018 to July 2020 were enrolled, and according to the results of abdominal ultrasound examination, they were divided into simple T2DM group with 107 patients and T2DM+NAFLD group with 377 patients. According to NAFLD fibrosis score, the patients with T2DM and NAFLD were divided into fibrosis exclusion subgroup （T2DM+F0） with 136 patients, uncertain subgroup (T2DM+F1) with 146 patients, and fibrosis subgroup (T2DM+F2) with 95 patients. Medical history data and laboratory markers were collected. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data; the t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data, and a one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups; a logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for the progression of liver fibrosis; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the clinical value of serum C-peptide in predicting and diagnosing the progression of liver fibrosis. ResultsCompared with the simple T2DM group, the T2DM+NAFLD group had a significant increase in C-peptide level (Z=-6.040,P＜0.001); compared with the T2DM+F1 and T2DM+F0, the T2DM+F2 had significantly higher C-peptide level ［2.89 (1.84-3.77) vs 1.97 (1.12-2.65)/1.87 (1.25-2.68), H=36.023,P＜0.001) and rate of fasting C-peptide (56.84% vs 23.29%/24.27%, χ2=37.583,P＜0001). The logistic regression analysis showed that C-peptide (OR=1.435, 95% confidence interval: 1.227~1.678， P＜0.001) was a risk factor for liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM and NAFLD, and the ROC curve analysis also showed that C-peptide had great significance in predicting liver fibrosis in such patients, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.814, a sensitivity of 642%, a specificity of 897%, and a Youden index of 0.539 at the optimal cut-off value of 2.405 ng/ml. ConclusionC-peptide is an independent risk factor for the progression of liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM and NAFLD.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on pancreatic carcinoma based on patient-derived xenograft(PDX)models,and to screen an individualized treatment strategy. Methods Fresh human pancreatic carcinoma tissues were subcutaneously transplanted into nude mice to establish PDX models which could be stab-ly passaged. The traceability of PDX models was determined by STR analysis. The PDX models were treated with three dif-ferent clinical chemotherapeutic drugs oxaliplatin, gemcitabine and irinotecan, respectively, and the tumor volumes were measured at different times. The therapeutic effect of those drugs was assessed by TGD mathematical model and plasma CA19-9 test. Results The traceability of patient-derived xenograft samples was up to 99.99%. Compared with the con-trol group,the treatment with irinotecan and gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth significantly(P=0.001), and gemcit-abine had even better result. The minimum toxic effect in the mice was induced by irinotecan treatment,followed by gem-citabine treatment. Conclusions Pancreatic carcinoma PDX models are successfully established and can be stably pas-saged. Gemcitabine shows the most inhibitory effect on tumor growth based on TGD mathematical model assessment, and deserves to be recommended as the preferred drug for individual treatment of pancreatic carcinoma.

Objective To establish and evaluate a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft ( PDOX ) model of pancreatic cancer. Methods Tissues of patient-derived pancreatic tumor were transplanted into nude mouse pancreas by surgery. The PDOX models were evaluated by the small animal near infrared fluorescence ( NIRF) optical imaging and PET/CT. The traceability of PDOX models was detected by STR technology, and the pathological changes were observed by H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, and serum level of CA19-9 was detected by ELISA. Results Apparent NIRF were observed to be accumulated in pancreatic site by optical imaging system. The location and size of the xenografts tumor were revealed by fluorescence intensity. The PET/CT images with 18F-FDG molecular probe confirmed the tumor's location and size. Ex vivo NIRF imaging of isolated organ further showed the tumor formation. The traceability of PDOX models was 99. 99% with human origin. H&E staining pathology and immunohistochemistry indicated the pancreatic cancer characteristics. The high serum level of ca19-9 confirmed the mice bearing tumor. Conclusions Pancreatic PDOX models are successfully established in this study, and it can be evaluated comprehensively by NIRF optical imaging and PET/CT, providing an appropriate platform for further research of pancreatic cancer.

Objective To investigate the anti-oxidative effects of alprostadil on contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN)after percuteous coronary intervention (PCI)in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).Methods A total of 200 patients with CKD were enrolled in our hospital.According to the random number table was divided into alprostadil 100 cases,100 cases of conventional treatment group.The levels of serum creatinine (Scr),creatinine clearance (eGFR),serum cystatin C (ScysC)and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG)were observed before and after operation at 72 h and 7 d after operation.Results The incidence of CIN in the alprostadil group was significantly lower than that in the conventional treatment group (6% vs 12%,P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the level of Scr,eGFR,ScysC and 8-OHdG between the alprostadil group and the conventional treatment group (P>0.05).The level of Scr in the alprostadil group was significantly lower than that in the conventional treatment group at 72 h and 7 d after operation.The level of eGFR was significantly higher than that of the conventional treatment group (P<0.05).The levels of ScysC and 8-OHdG in the two groups were significantly higher than those before operation at 72 h and 7 d(P>0.05).The levels of ScysC and 8-OHdG in the alprostadil group were significantly lower than those in the conventional treatment group at 72 h and 7 d after PCI(P<0.05).Conclusion Alprostadil may improve the oxidative stress in patients with CKD and provide a preventive effect on CIN.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect ofHaizao-Xiangsheng mixture on signs and symptoms, blood index and tissue pathology of rabbit models with chronic pharyngitis.Methods60 Japanese white rabbits by random grouping method were divided into normal control group, model group, positive control group andHaizao- Xiangsheng mixture with high, medium and low dose group, with 10 rats in each group. Except the normal control group, rabbits in other groups were performed spraying ammonia in pharyngeal portion and submucosal injection of turpentine oil preparation to create chronic pharyngitis models. TheHaizao- Xiangsheng mixture, high, medium and low dose group were treated withHaizao-Xiangsheng mixture of 42, 21, 10.5 g/kg, the positive control group was treated with watermelon frost Runhou tablet suspension 5.04 g/kg, the normal control group and model group were treated with the same volume of saline. Animal signs and symptoms were recorded daily (including general conditions and temperature). After continuous administration of 7 days, red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), percentage of neutrophils (N%), the percentage of mononuclear cells (M%) and percentage of lymphocytes (L%) were detected to observe the histological change of pharyngeal mucosa and lower tissue pathology.ResultsAfter administration, compared with the model group, high dose group ofHaizao-Xiangsheng mixture rabbit body temperature dropped (38.90 ± 0.21℃ vs. 39.23 ± 0.39℃,P< 0.05), WBC (10.1 ×1012/L ± 1.73 ×1012/Lvs. 13.1 ×1012/L ± 1.69 ×1012/L) decreased, and RBC increased (5.73 ×109/L ± 0.59 ×109/Lvs.5.19 ×109/L ± 0.43 ×109/L,P<0.01).ConclusionsHaizao-Xiangsheng mixture can improve signs and symptoms, hematology indexes and histopathological changes of the experimental rabbit models of chronic pharyngitis.

Objective To study the probability of other autoimmune diseases in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC),autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and explore its effects on the prognosis.Methods From January 1994 to March 2014,the data of 232 patients with autoimmune liver diseases (AILD) were collected.The type and case number of coexisting with other autoimmune diseases of patients with PBC,AIH and PSC were analyzed and compared.Cox regression model was performed to analyze the effects of coexisting with autoimmune diseases on the prognosis of AILD.Results Among 135 PBC patients,there were 64 cases that coexisted with Sjogren's syndrome (SS),seven cases with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),seven cases with rheumatoid arthritis (RA),nine cases with systemic sclerosis (SSc),three cases with polymyositis and/or dermatomyositis (PM/DM) and one case with Crohn's disease.Among 55 AIH patients,threre were 19 cases that coexisted with SS,10 cases with SLE,one case with RA,two cases with SSc and two cases with PM/ DM.Among 24 PSC patients,there were seven cases combined with ulceric colitis,one case with Crohn's disease and one case with RA.Among 18 patients with PBC AIH overlap syndrome,there were five cases with SS and one case with RA.Compared with PBC patients,the risk of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis increased in PBC patiento coexisting with SS (OR =34.0,95 ％ CI 8.9 to 130.1).After gender,age,disease course and medicine intervention were adjusted,the prognosis of AILD which included death,liver transplantation and liver cirrhosis complications was not affected by the coexistence with other autoimmune diseases.Conclusions AILD patients coexisting with other autoimmune diseases is common,most of which are SS,SLE,SSc and RA.PBC patients coexisting with SS is the risk factor of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,and coexisting with other autoimmune disease does not independently affect the prognosis of AILD.

Objective To study the effects of Danhong mixture on platelet aggregation of rabbits.Methods 40 rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups,8 rabbits in each group,of blank control group (treated with 0.5％ sodium carboxy methyl cellulose of the same volume),Danhong mixture of 5,2.5,1.25 g/kg group,aspirin group (treated with 0.025 g/kg aspirin).Each group was performed gastric lavage according to the ration of lml/kg,once daily,for continuous 8 days.Blood was obtained from heart 1 hour after last administration,then adenosine diphosphate (ADP),collagen,arachidonic acid (AA) were used for platelet aggregation test.Results Inhibition rate of Danhong mixture (5,2.5,1.25 g/kg) on ADP induced rabbit platelet aggregation were 9.4％,5.1％,and 0.6％ respectively,on collagen induced platelet aggregation were 34.5％,11.1％,and 5.6％; on AA induced platelet aggregation were 21.4％,11.6％,and 2.3％ respectively.Conclusion Danhong mixture had inhibitive action on platelet aggregation.

Objective To observe analgesic and croton oil-induced ear swelling effect of Chinese pine node.Methods Acetic acid writhing method and water tail-flick method was used to observe the analgesic effect,croton oil-induced ear swelling method was used to research anti-inflammatory effect.Results The inhibition rate of 1.0 g/kg,0.5 g/kg,0.25 g/kg of Chinese pine node on mice writhing response induced by acetic acid was 54.0％,44.3％,38.1％,and the inhibition rate on croton oil-induced mouse ear swelling was 48.4％,14.7％,7.4％.But no obvious influence on mice water tail-flick pain threshold.Conclusion Chinese pine node has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Objective To study the effects of Danhong Granule on blood rheology of blood stasis rats,and further to investigate the mechanism of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.Methods 60 SD rats were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups,namely,normal control group,model group to the capacity of 0.5％ sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na),Danhong granules in high dose group (3 g/kg),Danhong granules dose group(1.5 g/kg),Danhong granules low dose group(0.75 g/kg),and compound Danshen dripping pill group(3 g/kg).Each group received gastric lavage at 1 ml/kg volume,1/d,for 7 days.After the last administration,the rat model of blood stasis was reproduced by subcutaneous injection of high dose epinephrine with ice water bath method.The effects of Danhong granules on blood rheology of blood stasis model rats were studied.Results Danhong granules in high dose group and compound Danshen dripping pills could reduce blood stasis model rats in blood viscosity (high shear,cut and low cut values were:Danhong granules in high dose group were(5.69±0.16)mPa·s,(6.97±0.48)mPa·s,(22.56±1.69) mPa·s; Compound Danshen Dropping Pill group (5.71 ± 0.24) mPa·s,(7.04 ± 0.51) mPa·s,(22.63 ± 1.64) mPa·s,plasma viscosity respectively:Danhong granules in high dose group were (1.43 ±0.03)mPa·s,compound Danshen dripping pill group(1.42±0.03)mPa·s,RBC (hematocrit value were:Danhong granules in high dose group were (0.42± 0.027) L/L,compound Danshen dripping pill group (0.41 ± 0.032) L/L; Danhong granules dose group could significantly lower the blood stasis model rats in blood viscosity (high,low cut)value (5.95 ± 0.37) mPa·s,(23.45 ± 1.57) mPa·s,plasma viscosity(1.47 ± 0.02)mPa·s and RBC hematocrit value (0.48 ± 0.029) L/L low dose group; Danhong granules low dose group could reduced blood stasis model rats obviously in blood viscosity (high shear,cut and low shear),plasma viscosity and hematocrit values of RBC [respectively:the whole blood viscosity in(7.15±0.41)mPa · s,(7.86±0.36)mPa · s,(28.68±1.69)mPa · s,(1.67±0.03)mPa · s,(0.50±0.033)L/L].Conclusion Danhong Granule can reduce the blood stasis model rats in blood viscosity (high shear,cut and low shear),plasma viscosity and hematocrit value of RBC,by activating blood circulation,removing blood stasis and improving blood rheology.